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        <div id="siteNotice"><script type='text/javascript'>if (wgNotice != '') document.writeln(wgNotice);</script></div>      <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">France</h1> 
        <div id="bodyContent"> 
            <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3> 
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            <div class="dablink">This article is about the country.  For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/France_(disambiguation)" title="France (disambiguation)">France (disambiguation)</a>.</div> 
<div class="metadata topicon" id="protected-icon" style="display:none; right:55px;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="This article is semi-protected." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Padlock-silver-medium.svg/20px-Padlock-silver-medium.svg.png" width="20" height="20" /></a></div> 
<table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%"> 
<tr class="adr"> 
<th colspan="3" align="center" class="mergedtoprow fn org country-name" style="line-height:1.2em; padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em; font-size:1.25em;">French Republic
<div style="padding-top:0.25em;"><i>République française</i><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;&#160;</span><small><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span></small></div> 
</th> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> 
<td class="maptable" colspan="3" align="center" style="padding:0.5em 0;"> 
<table align="center" style="width:100%; background:none;"> 
<tr> 
<td align="center" style="width:58%; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="image" title="Flag of France"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/125px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="125" height="83" class="thumbborder" /></a></td> 
<td align="center" style="width:auto; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg" class="image" title="Coats of arms of France"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/85px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png" width="85" height="97" /></a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td align="center"><small><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></small></td> 
<td align="center"></td> 
</tr> 
</table> 
</td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td colspan="3" style="line-height:1.2em; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a>:&#160;</b><i><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité</a></i><br /> 
(Liberty, Equality, Fraternity)</td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td class="anthem" colspan="3" style="line-height:1.2em; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a>:&#160;</b><i><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i><br /></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td colspan="3" style="text-align:center; padding:0.6em 0em;"> 
<div class="center"> 
<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-France.svg" class="image" title="Location of France"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EU-France.svg/250px-EU-France.svg.png" width="250" height="210" /></a></div> 
</div> 
<div style="position:relative; top:0.3em;"> 
<div style="text-align:center;font-size:11px;line-height:1.15em;"><small><span style="font-size:11px;">Location of <span style="font-size:2px;">&#160;</span><b><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a></b><span style="font-size:8px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;&#160;</span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">dark green</span>)</span></small> 
<p style="width:250px;font-size:11px;text-align:left;margin-left:1.2ex;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">–&#160;on the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European continent</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;&#160;</span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">light green &amp;&#160;dark grey</span>)<br /> 
–&#160;in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;&#160;</span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">light green</span>)&#160; —&#160; [<span style="font-size:10px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-France.svg" title="File:EU-France.svg">Legend</a></span>]</p> 
</div> 
</div> 
</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> 
<td colspan="3" style="text-align:center; padding:0.6em 0em;"> 
<div class="center"> 
<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Outre-mer_en_sans_Terre_Adelie.png" class="image" title="Location of France"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Outre-mer_en_sans_Terre_Adelie.png/280px-Outre-mer_en_sans_Terre_Adelie.png" width="280" height="128" /></a></div> 
</div> 
<div style="position:relative; top:0.3em;"> 
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:-2px;line-height:1em;"><small><span style="font-size:11px;">Territory of the <b>French Republic</b> in the world<br /> 
(excl. Antarctica where sovereignty is suspended)</span></small></p> 
</div> 
</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> 
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" title="Capital (political)">Capital</a></b><br /> 
<a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_France" title="List of cities in France" class="mw-redirect">(and largest city)</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a><br /> 
<small><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a href="http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=France&amp;params=48_51.4_N_2_21.05_E_type:country" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°51.4′N</span> <span class="longitude">2°21.05′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">﻿ / ﻿</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.8567°N 2.35083°E</span><span style="display:none">﻿ / <span class="geo">48.8567; 2.35083</span></span></span></a></span></span></small></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<th colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official languages</a></th> 
<td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"> 
<td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">Recognised regional&#160;languages</a></td> 
<td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a><br /> 
<a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th> 
<td><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></th> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:0em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_popular_movement" title="Union for a popular movement" class="mw-redirect">UMP</a>)</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:0em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">François Fillon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_popular_movement" title="Union for a popular movement" class="mw-redirect">UMP</a>)</td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_France" title="Parliament of France">Parliament</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:0em;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_House" title="Upper House" class="mw-redirect">Upper House</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_France" title="Senate of France">Senate</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_House" title="Lower House" class="mw-redirect">Lower House</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> 
<th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">Formation</a></th> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:0em;">French State</td> 
<td>843 (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a>)&#160;</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:0em;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Current&#160;constitution</a></td> 
<td>1958 (<a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">5th Republic</a>)&#160;</td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_member_state" title="European Union member state" class="mw-redirect">accession</a></th> 
<td style="vertical-align:middle;">25 March 1957</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> 
<th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Area" title="Area">Area</a></th> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:0em;">Total<sup id="cite_ref-whole_territory_0-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whole_territory-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/1_E11_m%C2%B2" title="1 E11 m²" class="mw-redirect">674,843&#160;km<sup>2</sup></a>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area">43rd</a>)<br /> 
260,558&#160;<a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">sq&#160;mi</a>&#160;</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td> 
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0em;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan&#160;France</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:1em;">-&#160;<a href="/wiki/Institut_G%C3%A9ographique_National" title="Institut Géographique National">IGN</a><sup id="cite_ref-IGN_figure_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGN_figure-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/1_E11_m%C2%B2" title="1 E11 m²" class="mw-redirect">551,695&#160;km<sup>2</sup></a>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area">47th</a>)<br /> 
213,010&#160;sq&#160;mi</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:1em;">-&#160;<a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">Cadastre</a><sup id="cite_ref-cadastre_figure_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cadastre_figure-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/1_E11_m%C2%B2" title="1 E11 m²" class="mw-redirect">543,965&#160;km<sup>2</sup></a>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area">47th</a>)<br /> 
210,026 &#160;sq&#160;mi</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> 
<th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></th> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;</td> 
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0em;">(January 1, 2009 estimate)</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:0em;">Total<sup id="cite_ref-whole_territory_0-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whole_territory-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td> 
<td>65,073,482<sup id="cite_ref-population_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2005" title="List of countries by population in 2005">19th</a>)</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:0em;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan&#160;France</a></td> 
<td>62,448,977<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2005" title="List of countries by population in 2005">22nd</a>)</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:0em;"><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Density</a><sup id="cite_ref-metropolitan_France_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metropolitan_France-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></td> 
<td>115/km<sup>2</sup>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" title="List of countries by population density" class="mw-redirect">89th</a>)<br /> 
297/sq&#160;mi</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> 
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></b>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td> 
<td>2008&#160;estimate</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:0em;">Total</td> 
<td>$2.130 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">8th</a>)</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:0em;"><a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">Per capita</a></td> 
<td>$34,205<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">23rd</a>)</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> 
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></b> (nominal)</td> 
<td>2009&#160;estimate</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:0em;">Total</td> 
<td>$2.867 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">5th</a>)</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:0em;"><a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">Per capita</a></td> 
<td>$46,037<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">16th</a>)</td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a></b>&#160;(2002)</td> 
<td>26.7&#160;</td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a></b>&#160;(2007)</td> 
<td><span style="color: #0c0; font-size: larger;">▲</span> 0.961<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup>&#160;(<span style="color:#090;">very&#160;high</span>)&#160;(<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">8th</a>)</td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<th colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></th> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CFP_Franc" title="CFP Franc" class="mw-redirect">CFP Franc</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><br /> 
&#160; (<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR,<span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>XPF</a></code>)</td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> 
<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th> 
<td>CET<sup id="cite_ref-metropolitan_France_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metropolitan_France-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(<a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1)</span></td> 
</tr> 
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"> 
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td> 
<td style="padding-left:0em;">Summer&#160;(<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</td> 
<td>CEST<sup id="cite_ref-metropolitan_France_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metropolitan_France-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2)</td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">Drives on the</a></th> 
<td>right</td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th> 
<td><a href="/wiki/.fr" title=".fr">.fr</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" title="List of country calling codes">Calling code</a></th> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_France" title="Telephone numbers in France">33</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></td> 
</tr> 
<tr style="font-size:80%;"> 
<td align="right"><span style="position:relative; top:0.3em;"><sup>1</sup></span></td> 
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0em;">The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the <a href="/wiki/French_telephone_numbering_plan" title="French telephone numbering plan" class="mw-redirect">French telephone numbering plan</a>, but have their own country calling codes: <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> +590; <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> +596; <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> +594, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> +262; <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_et_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre et Miquelon" class="mw-redirect">Saint Pierre et Miquelon</a> +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> +687, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> +689; <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a> +681</td> 
</tr> 
</table> 
<table class="infobox" style="width:200px;"> 
<tr> 
<td colspan="2">&#160; <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline of France</a> <small>(links hundreds<br /> 
&#160; of topic articles about France)</small></td> 
</tr> 
</table> 
<p><b>France</b> (pronounced <span title="Pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/ˈfræns/</a></span><small>&#160;(<img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="13" height="13" /> <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/En-us-France.ogg" class="internal" title="En-us-France.ogg">listen</a>)</small> <span title="English pronunciation respelling"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Wikipedia:Pronunciation respelling key"><i>franss</i></a></span> or <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ˈfrɑːns/</span> <span title="English pronunciation respelling"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Wikipedia:Pronunciation respelling key"><i>frahns</i></a></span>; <span class="unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File:France.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" width="11" height="11" /></a> <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/France.ogg" class="internal" title="France.ogg">French pronunciation</a> <small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor:help;">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help"><span style="cursor:help;">help</span></a>·<a href="/wiki/File:France.ogg" title="File:France.ogg"><span style="cursor:help;">info</span></a>)</small></span>: <span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_French" title="Wikipedia:IPA for French">[fʁɑ̃s]</a></span>), officially the <b>French Republic</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>République française</i></span>, <small>pronounced:&#160;</small><span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_French" title="Wikipedia:IPA for French">[ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]</a></span>), is a <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union" class="mw-redirect">member state of the European Union</a> located in its <a href="/wiki/Western_europe" title="Western europe" class="mw-redirect">western region</a>, with several <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_France" title="Overseas departments and territories of France">overseas territories and islands</a> located on other <a href="/wiki/Continents" title="Continents" class="mw-redirect">continents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CatTOM_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatTOM-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> France is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> with its main ideals expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>.</p> 
<p><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> extends from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, and from the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. It is often referred to as <i>L’Hexagone</i> ("The <a href="/wiki/Hexagon" title="Hexagon">Hexagon</a>") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is bordered (clockwise from the north) by <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>. France's overseas departments and collectivities also share land borders with <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> (bordering <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a> (bordering <a href="/wiki/Saint-Martin" title="Saint-Martin" class="mw-redirect">Saint-Martin</a>). France is linked to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>, which passes underneath the English Channel.</p> 
<p>France is the largest state in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> by area and the third largest in Europe behind Russia and Ukraine. It would be second if its extra-European territories like <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> were included. France has been a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">major power</a> for <a href="/wiki/History_of_France#Early_Modern_France" title="History of France">many centuries</a> with strong economic, cultural, military and political influence. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">second largest empire</a> of the time, including large portions of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Pacific_islands" title="Pacific islands" class="mw-redirect">Pacific islands</a>.</p> 
<p>France is a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> and possesses the fifth largest economy by <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">nominal GDP</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> and eighth largest economy by <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">purchasing power parity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> It is the most visited country in the world, receiving 82 million foreign tourists annually.<sup id="cite_ref-tourism.stat_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tourism.stat-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> France is one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and has the largest land area of all members. It is also a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie" class="mw-redirect">Francophonie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a>, <a href="/wiki/G-20_major_economies" title="G-20 major economies">G20</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD" class="mw-redirect">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organisation" title="World Trade Organisation" class="mw-redirect">WTO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a>. It is one of the five <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council#Permanent_members" title="United Nations Security Council">permanent members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, possesses the third largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of countries with nuclear weapons" class="mw-redirect">number of nuclear weapons</a> in the world and the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">nuclear power plants</a> in the European Union.</p> 
<table id="toc" class="toc"> 
<tr> 
<td> 
<div id="toctitle"> 
<h2>Contents</h2> 
</div> 
<ul> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origin_of_the_name_France"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin of the name France</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> 
<ul> 
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Rome_to_revolution"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Rome to revolution</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Monarchy_to_Republic"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Monarchy to Republic</span></a></li> 
</ul> 
</li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Government"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Conventions_and_notations"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Conventions and notations</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Law"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Law</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Foreign_relations"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign relations</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Military"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Military</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Administrative_divisions"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative divisions</span></a> 
<ul> 
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Metropolitan_regions_and_departments"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Metropolitan regions and departments</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Overseas_regions.2Fdepartments.2C_collectivities.2C_and_territories"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Overseas regions/departments, collectivities, and territories</span></a></li> 
</ul> 
</li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a> 
<ul> 
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Labour_market"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Labour market</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Tourism"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism</span></a></li> 
</ul> 
</li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Demography"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Demography</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Public_health"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Public health</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a> 
<ul> 
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Architecture"><span class="tocnumber">15.1</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">15.2</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Sport"><span class="tocnumber">15.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sport</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Marianne"><span class="tocnumber">15.4</span> <span class="toctext">Marianne</span></a></li> 
</ul> 
</li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#International_rankings"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">International rankings</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Notes_and_references"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">Notes and references</span></a></li> 
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">19</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> 
</ul> 
</td> 
</tr> 
</table> 
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin_of_the_name_France">Origin of the name <i>France</i></span></h2> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_France" title="Name of France">Name of France</a></div> 
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_name_etymologies" title="List of country name etymologies">List of country name etymologies</a></div> 
<p>The name "France" comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>Francia</i>, which literally means "land of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>," or "Frankland". There are various theories as to the origin of the name of the Franks. One is that it is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language" class="mw-redirect">Proto-Germanic</a> word <i>frankon</i> which translates as <i>javelin</i> or <i>lance</i> as the throwing axe of the Franks was known as a <a href="/wiki/Francisca" title="Francisca">francisca</a>.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2008" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p> 
<p>Another proposed etymology is that in an ancient <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic language</a>, Frank means <i>free</i> as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Slave" title="Slave" class="mw-redirect">slave</a>. This usage still survives in the name of the national currency prior to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">franc</a>.</p> 
<p>However, it is also possible that the word is derived from the ethnic name of the Franks,<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2008" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> the connection being that only the Franks, as the conquering class, had the status of freemen. In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, France is still called <i>Frankreich</i>, which literally means "<a href="/wiki/Frankish_Realm" title="Frankish Realm" class="mw-redirect">Realm of the Franks</a>". In order to distinguish from the Frankish Empire of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, Modern France is called <i>Frankreich</i>, while the Frankish Realm is called <i>Frankenreich</i>.</p> 
<p>The word "Frank" had been loosely used from the fall of Rome to the Middle Ages, yet from <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a>'s coronation as "King of the Franks" ("Rex Francorum") it became usual to strictly refer to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France" class="mw-redirect">Kingdom of Francia</a>, which would become France. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">Capetian Kings</a> were descended from the <a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertines</a>, who had produced two Frankish kings, and previously held the title of "<a href="/wiki/Duke_of_the_Franks" title="Duke of the Franks">Duke of the Franks</a>" ("dux Francorum"). <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)" title="Île-de-France (region)">This Frankish duchy</a> encompassed most of modern <a href="/wiki/Neustria" title="Neustria">northern France</a> but because the royal power was sapped by regional princes the term was then applied to the royal <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a> as shorthand. It was finally the name adopted for the entire Kingdom as central power was affirmed over the entire kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History of France</a></div> 
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Medieval demography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history of France</a>,&#160;and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_formation_of_France" title="Territorial formation of France">Territorial formation of France</a></div> 
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rome_to_revolution">Rome to revolution</span></h3> 
<p>The borders of modern France are approximately the same as those of ancient <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, which was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Celt" title="Celt" class="mw-redirect">Celtic</a> <i>Gauls</i>. Gaul was conquered for <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a> by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in the 1st century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> and the Gauls eventually adopted <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Roman</a> speech (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, from which the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> evolved) and Roman culture. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Christianity</a> first appeared in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, and became so firmly established by the fourth and fifth centuries that <a href="/wiki/St._Jerome" title="St. Jerome" class="mw-redirect">St. Jerome</a> wrote that Gaul was the only region “free from heresy”.</p> 
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France after the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years_War" title="Hundred Years War" class="mw-redirect">Hundred Years War</a>. Red line: Boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France" class="mw-redirect">Kingdom of France</a>; Light blue: the directly held royal domain</div> 
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<p>In the 4th century AD, Gaul’s eastern frontier along the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> was overrun by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a>, principally the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, from whom the ancient name of “Francie” was derived. The modern name “France” derives from the name of the feudal domain of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">Capetian</a> Kings of France around Paris. The <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> were the first tribe among the Germanic conquerors of Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire to convert to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Christianity rather than <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> (their King <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis</a> did so in 498); thus France obtained the title “Eldest daughter of the Church” (<i>La fille ainée de l’Église</i>), and the French would adopt this as justification for calling themselves “the Most Christian Kingdom of France”.</p> 
<p>Existence as a separate entity began with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> (843), with the division of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> into <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Francia" title="Western Francia" class="mw-redirect">Western Francia</a>. Western Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was the precursor to modern France.</p> 
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<i><a href="/wiki/Les_Grandes_Mis%C3%A8res_de_la_guerre" title="Les Grandes Misères de la guerre">Les Grandes Misères de la guerre</a></i> depict the destruction unleashed on civilians during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>.</div> 
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<p>The <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a> ruled France until 987, when <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet_of_France" title="Hugh Capet of France" class="mw-redirect">Hugh Capet</a>, Duke of France and Count of Paris, was crowned <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" title="King of France" class="mw-redirect">King of France</a>. His descendants, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">Direct Capetians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>, progressively unified the country through a series of wars and dynastic inheritance. The <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical <a href="/wiki/Cathars" title="Cathars" class="mw-redirect">Cathars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a> (the south of modern-day France). In the end, both the Cathars and the independence of southern France were exterminated.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
<p>In 1337, on the eve of the first wave of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> England and France went to war in what would become known as the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> In the most notorious incident during the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–98), thousands of <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots" class="mw-redirect">Huguenots</a> were murdered in the <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a> of 1572.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
<p>The monarchy reached its height during the <a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a> and the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>. At this time France possessed the largest population in Europe (see <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics of France</a>) and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> became, and remained until the 20th century, the common language of diplomacy in international affairs. Much of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> occurred in French intellectual circles, and major scientific breakthroughs were achieved by French scientists in the 18th century. In addition, France obtained many overseas possessions in the Americas, Africa and Asia.</p> 
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Monarchy_to_Republic">Monarchy to Republic</span></h3> 
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<a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> on 14 July 1789</div> 
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<p>The monarchy ruled France until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. It did not fall immediately after the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, but endured until the creation of the First Republic in September 1792. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, were executed (in 1793), along with thousands of other French citizens during the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> After a series of short-lived governmental schemes, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> seized control of the Republic in 1799, making himself <a href="/wiki/First_Consul" title="First Consul">First Consul</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a> of what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a> (1804–1814). In the course of <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">several wars</a>, his armies conquered most of continental Europe, with members of the <a href="/wiki/Bonaparte" title="Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect">Bonaparte</a> family being appointed as monarchs of newly established kingdoms. About a million Frenchmen died during the Napoleonic wars.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
<p>Following Napoleon's final defeat in 1815 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, the French monarchy was re-established, but with new constitutional limitations. In 1830, a <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">civil uprising</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional</a> <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>, which lasted until 1848. The short-lived <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a> ended in 1852 when <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" title="Napoleon III of France">Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a>. Louis-Napoléon was unseated following defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian war</a> of 1870 and his regime was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a>.</p> 
<p>France had <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">colonial possessions</a>, in various forms, since the beginning of the 17th century until the 1960s. In the 19th and 20th centuries, its <a href="/wiki/Global_Empire" title="Global Empire" class="mw-redirect">global</a> overseas colonial empire was the second largest in the world behind the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. At its peak, between 1919 and 1939, the second French colonial empire extended over 12,347,000 square kilometres (4,767,000&#160;sq&#160;mi) of land. Including <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a>, the total area of land under French <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> reached 12,898,000 square kilometres (4,980,000&#160;sq&#160;mi) in the 1920s and 1930s, which is 8.6% of the world's land area.</p> 
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France issued the single European currency, the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>, in 2002, together with 16 other EU member states it forms the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>. Here shown a <a href="/wiki/French_euro_coins" title="French euro coins">French side of euro coin</a>.</div> 
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<p>France was an occupied nation in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The human and material losses in the first war, which left 1.4 million French soldiers dead,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> exceeded largely those of the second, even though only a minor part of its territory was occupied during World War I. The interbellum phase was marked by a variety of social reforms introduced by the Popular Front government. Following the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a></i> campaign in World War II <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a> was divided in an <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of France during World War II">occupation zone in the north</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, a puppet regime loyal to Germany, in the south.</p> 
<p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> was established after World War II and, despite spectacular economic growth (<i>les <a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a></i>), it struggled to maintain its political status as a dominant <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" title="Nation-state" class="mw-redirect">nation state</a>. France attempted to hold on to its <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empires" title="Colonial empires" class="mw-redirect">colonial empire</a>, but soon ran into trouble. The half-hearted 1946 attempt at regaining control of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>, which ended in French defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a> in 1954. Only months later, France faced a new, even harsher <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">conflict</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.</p> 
<p>The debate over whether or not to keep control of <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a>, then home to over one million <a href="/wiki/Pied-noir" title="Pied-noir" class="mw-redirect">European settlers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> wracked the country and nearly led to civil war. In 1958, the weak and unstable Fourth Republic gave way to the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_French_Republic" title="Fifth French Republic" class="mw-redirect">Fifth Republic</a>, which contained a strengthened Presidency. In the latter role, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> managed to keep the country together while taking steps to end the war. The Algerian War and Franco-French civil war that resulted in the capital <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, was concluded with peace negotiations in 1962 that led to Algerian independence.</p> 
<p>In recent decades, France's reconciliation and cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> have proved central to the political and economic integration of the evolving <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, including the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> in January 1999. France has been at the forefront of the European Union member states seeking to exploit the momentum of monetary union to create a more unified and capable European Union political, defence, and security apparatus. The French electorate voted against ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">European Constitutional Treaty</a> in May 2005, but the successor <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> was <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon#Ratification" title="Treaty of Lisbon">ratified</a> by Parliament in February 2008.</p> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span></h2> 
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Satellite image of France</div> 
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<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography of France</a></div> 
<p>While <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, France also has <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_France" title="Overseas departments and territories of France">a number of territories</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, the southern <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> These territories have varying forms of government ranging from <a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" title="Overseas department">overseas department</a> to <a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">overseas collectivity</a>.</p> 
<p>Metropolitan France covers 547,030&#160;<a href="/wiki/Square_kilometre" title="Square kilometre">square kilometres</a> (211,209&#160;<a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">sq&#160;mi</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-area_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> having the largest area among <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> members and slightly larger than <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. France possesses a wide variety of landscapes, from coastal plains in the north and west to mountain ranges of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> in the south-east, the <a href="/wiki/Massif_Central" title="Massif Central">Massif Central</a> in the south-central and <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> in the south-west. At 4,807&#160;metres (15,771&#160;ft) above sea-level, the highest point in Western Europe, <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a>, is situated in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> on the border between France and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-elevation_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elevation-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> Metropolitan France also has extensive river systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Loire_River" title="Loire River" class="mw-redirect">Loire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_River" title="Rhône River" class="mw-redirect">Rhône</a>, which divides the Massif Central from the Alps and flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the <a href="/wiki/Camargue" title="Camargue">Camargue</a>, the lowest point in France (2&#160;m/6.56&#160;ft below sea level).<sup id="cite_ref-elevation_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elevation-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> Corsica lies off the Mediterranean coast.</p> 
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The Exclusive Economic Zone of France extends over 11,000,000&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (4,000,000&#160;sq&#160;mi) of ocean across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></div> 
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<p>France's total land area, with its overseas departments and territories (excluding <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a>), is 674,843&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (260,558&#160;sq&#160;mi), 0.45% of the total land area on Earth. However, France possesses the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone" title="Exclusive Economic Zone">Exclusive Economic Zone</a> (EEZ) in the world, covering 11,035,000&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (4,260,637&#160;sq&#160;mi), approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, just behind the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (11,351,000&#160;km<sup>2</sup>/4,382,646&#160;sq&#160;mi) and ahead of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (8,232,000&#160;km<sup>2</sup>/3,178,393&#160;sq&#160;mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
<p>Metropolitan France is situated between <a href="/wiki/41st_parallel_north" title="41st parallel north">41°</a> and <a href="/wiki/51st_parallel_north" title="51st parallel north">51° North</a>, on the western edge of Europe, and thus lies within the <a href="/wiki/Northern_temperate_zone" title="Northern temperate zone" class="mw-redirect">northern temperate zone</a>. The north and northwest have a temperate climate, while a combination of maritime influences, <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> produce a varied climate in the rest of Metropolitan France.<sup id="cite_ref-climate_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> In the south-east a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> prevails. In the west, the climate is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> with a high level of rainfall, mild winters and cool to warm summers. Inland the climate becomes more <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a> with hot, stormy summers, colder winters and less rain. The <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Alps" title="Climate of the Alps">climate of the Alps</a> and other mountainous regions is mainly <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine</a>, with the number of days with temperatures below freezing over 150 per year and snow cover lasting for up to six months.</p> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span></h2> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Government of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution of France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics of France</a></div> 
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Logo of the <a href="/wiki/French_Republic" title="French Republic" class="mw-redirect">French Republic</a></div> 
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<p>The French Republic is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> with strong <a href="/wiki/Democratic" title="Democratic" class="mw-redirect">democratic</a> traditions. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">constitution</a> of the Fifth Republic was approved by <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> on 28 September 1958. It greatly strengthened the authority of the executive in relation to <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France#The_legislative_branch" title="Government of France">parliament</a>. The executive branch itself has two leaders: the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_French_Republic" title="President of the French Republic" class="mw-redirect">President of the Republic</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>, who is <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and is elected directly by universal adult suffrage for a 5-year term (formerly 7 years), and the Government, led by the president-appointed <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">François Fillon</a>.</p> 
<p>The French <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_France" title="Parliament of France">parliament</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" title="Bicameral" class="mw-redirect">bicameral</a> legislature comprising a <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" title="French National Assembly" class="mw-redirect">National Assembly</a> (<i>Assemblée Nationale</i>) and a <a href="/wiki/French_Senate" title="French Senate" class="mw-redirect">Senate</a>. The National Assembly deputies represent local constituencies and are directly elected for 5-year terms. The Assembly has the power to dismiss the cabinet, and thus the majority in the Assembly determines the choice of government. Senators are chosen by an electoral college for 6-year terms (originally 9-year terms), and one half of the seats are submitted to election every 3 years starting in September 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Senat_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senat-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
<p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Senate" title="French Senate" class="mw-redirect">Senate's</a> legislative powers are limited; in the event of disagreement between the two chambers, the National Assembly has the final say, except for constitutional laws and <i>lois organiques</i> (laws that are directly provided for by the constitution) in some cases. The government has a strong influence in shaping the agenda of Parliament.</p> 
<p>French politics are characterised by two politically opposed groupings: one <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a>, centred around the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">French Socialist Party</a>, and the other <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a>, centred previously around the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rassemblement pour la République (RPR)</a> and now its successor the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement (UMP)</a>. The executive branch is currently composed mostly of the UMP.</p> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Conventions_and_notations">Conventions and notations</span></h2> 
<ul> 
<li>France is the home of the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (the metric system). Some pre-metric units are still used, essentially the <i><a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)#French_livre_or_pound" title="Pound (mass)">livre</a></i> (a unit of weight equal to half a kilogram) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Quintal" title="Quintal">quintal</a></i> (a unit of weight equal to 100 kilograms).</li> 
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, France uses the <a href="/wiki/Infix_notation" title="Infix notation">infix notation</a> like most countries. For large numbers the <a href="/wiki/Long_and_short_scales" title="Long and short scales">long scale</a> is used. Thus, the French use the word <i><a href="/wiki/Billion_(word)" title="Billion (word)" class="mw-redirect">billion</a></i> for the number 1,000,000,000,000, which in countries using <a href="/wiki/Long_and_short_scales" title="Long and short scales">short scale</a> is called a <a href="/wiki/Trillion" title="Trillion">trillion</a>. However, there exists a French word, <i>milliard</i>, for the number 1,000,000,000, which in countries using the short scale is called a billion. Thus, despite the use of the long scale, one billion is called <i>un milliard</i> (“one milliard”) in French, and not <i>mille millions</i> (“one thousand million”). It should also be noted that names of numbers above the <i>milliard</i> are rarely used. Thus, one trillion will most often be called <i>mille milliards</i> (“one thousand milliard”) in French, and rarely <i>un billion</i>.</li> 
<li>In the French numeral notation, the comma (,) is the <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">Decimal separator</a>, whereas the dot (.) is used between each group of three digits especially for big numbers. A space can also be used to separate each group of three digits especially for small numbers. Thus three thousand five hundred and ten may be written as 3 510 whereas fifteen million five hundred thousand and thirty-two may be written as 15.500.032. In finance, the currency symbol is used as a decimal separator or put after the number. For example, €25,048.05 is written either 25 048€05 or 25 048,05 € (always with an extra space between the figure and the currency symbol).</li> 
<li>In computing, a <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> is called a bit yet a <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a> is called an <a href="/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">octet</a><sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from January 2010" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> (from the Latin root <i>octo</i>, meaning “8”). <a href="/wiki/SI_prefix" title="SI prefix">SI prefixes</a> are used.</li> 
<li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a> time is used, with h being the separator between hours and minutes (for example 2:30 p.m. is 14h30).</li> 
<li>The all-numeric form for dates is in the order day-month-year, using a slash as the separator (example: 31/12/1992 or 31/12/92).</li> 
</ul> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Law">Law</span></h2> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law of France</a></div> 
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The basic principles that the French Republic must respect are found in the 1789 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></div> 
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<p>France uses a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil legal</a> system; that is, law arises primarily from written statutes; judges are not to make law, but merely to interpret it (though the amount of judge interpretation in certain areas makes it equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a>). Basic principles of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> were laid in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code" class="mw-redirect">Napoleonic Code</a>. In agreement with the principles of the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> law should only prohibit actions detrimental to society. As <a href="/wiki/Guy_Canivet" title="Guy Canivet">Guy Canivet</a>, first president of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a>, wrote about the management of prisons:</p> 
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<dd><i>Freedom is the rule, and its restriction is the exception; any restriction of Freedom must be provided for by Law and must follow the principles of necessity and proportionality.</i></dd> 
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<p>That is, Law should lay out prohibitions only if they are needed, and if the inconveniences caused by this restriction do not exceed the inconveniences that the prohibition is supposed to remedy.</p> 
<p>French law is divided into two principal areas: <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a>. Private law includes, in particular, <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>. Public law includes, in particular, <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a>. However, in practical terms, French law comprises three principal areas of law: civil law, criminal law and administrative law.</p> 
<p>France does not recognise <a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious law</a>, nor does it recognise religious beliefs or morality as a motivation for the enactment of prohibitions. As a consequence, France has long had neither <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> laws nor <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">sodomy laws</a> (the latter being abolished in 1791). However “offences against <a href="/wiki/Public_decency" title="Public decency" class="mw-redirect">public decency</a>” (<i>contraires aux bonnes mœurs</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_the_peace" title="Breach of the peace">disturbing public order</a> (<i>trouble à l'ordre public</i>) have been used to repress public expressions of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> or street <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>.</p> 
<p>Criminal laws can only address the future and not the past (criminal <a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto" title="Ex post facto" class="mw-redirect">ex post facto</a> laws are prohibited)&#160;; and to be applicable, laws must be officially published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_Officiel_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Journal Officiel de la République Française">Journal Officiel de la République Française</a></i>.</p> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</span></h2> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations of France</a></div> 
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie" class="mw-redirect">Francophonie</a>,&#160;and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a></div> 
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France is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/European_community" title="European community" class="mw-redirect">EC</a> in 1957, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 1993 (Signing of the Maastricht Treaty).</div> 
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<p>France is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and serves as one of the permanent members of the <a href="/wiki/U.N._Security_Council" title="U.N. Security Council" class="mw-redirect">U.N. Security Council</a> with <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> rights. It is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organisation" title="World Trade Organisation" class="mw-redirect">World Trade Organisation</a> (WTO), the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pacific_Community" title="Secretariat of the Pacific Community">Secretariat of the Pacific Community</a> (SPC) and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Commission" title="Indian Ocean Commission">Indian Ocean Commission</a> (COI). It is an associate member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a> (ACS) and a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/La_Francophonie" title="La Francophonie" class="mw-redirect">International Francophone Organisation</a> (OIF) of fifty-one fully or partly <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>-speaking countries. It hosts the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Base" title="Alliance Base">Alliance Base</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau for Weights and Measures</a>. In 1953 France received a request from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to pick a coat of arms that would represent it internationally. Thus the French emblem was adopted and is currently used on passports.</p> 
<p>French foreign policy has been largely shaped by membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, of which it was a founding member. In the 1960s, France sought to exclude the British from the organisation, seeking to build its own standing in continental Europe. Since the 1990s, France has developed close ties with reunified Germany to become the most influential driving force of the EU, but consequently rivaling the UK and limiting the influence of newly inducted East European nations.</p> 
<p>France is a member of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organisation" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organisation" class="mw-redirect">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation</a>, but under President de Gaulle, it excluded itself from the joint military command to avoid the supposed domination of its foreign and security policies by US political and military influence. In the early 1990s, the country drew considerable criticism from other nations for its underground nuclear tests in <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>. France vigorously opposed the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, straining bilateral relations with the US and the UK. France retains strong political and economic influence in its former African colonies (<a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">Françafrique</a>) and has supplied economic aid and troops for peace-keeping missions in the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast" class="mw-redirect">Ivory Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>.</p> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Military">Military</span></h2> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_France" title="Military of France">Military of France</a></div> 
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history of France</a></div> 
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<a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_(R_91)" title="Charles de Gaulle (R 91)" class="mw-redirect">Nuclear aircraft carrier <i>Charles de Gaulle</i></a></div> 
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<p>The French <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a> are divided into four branches:</p> 
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<li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Armée de Terre</a> (Army)</li> 
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Marine Nationale</a> (Navy)</li> 
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" title="French Air Force">Armée de l'Air</a> (Air Force)</li> 
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Gendarmerie" title="French Gendarmerie" class="mw-redirect">Gendarmerie Nationale</a> (A military force which acts as a National Rural Police and as a <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Military police</a> for the entire French military)</li> 
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<a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(France)" title="Republican Guard (France)">French Republican Guard</a>.</div> 
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<p>After the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> was steadily reduced and was finally suspended in 2001 by President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>. The total number of military personnel is approximately 359,000. France spends 2.6% of its <a href="/wiki/GDP" title="GDP" class="mw-redirect">GDP</a> on defence, slightly more than the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (2.4%) and the highest in the European Union where defence spending generally accounts to less than 1.5% of GDP. France and the U.K. account for 40% of EU defence spending. About 10% of France's defence budget goes towards its <i><a href="/wiki/Force_de_frappe" title="Force de frappe" class="mw-redirect">force de frappe</a></i>, or <a href="/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="France and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear weapons</a> force.</p> 
<p>France has major military industries that have produced the <a href="/wiki/Rafale" title="Rafale" class="mw-redirect">Rafale</a> fighter, the <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_(R_91)" title="Charles de Gaulle (R 91)" class="mw-redirect">Charles de Gaulle</a> aircraft carrier, the <a href="/wiki/Exocet" title="Exocet">Exocet</a> missile and the <a href="/wiki/Leclerc" title="Leclerc">Leclerc</a> tank amongst others. Some weaponry, like the <a href="/wiki/E-2_Hawkeye" title="E-2 Hawkeye">E-2 Hawkeye</a> or the <a href="/wiki/E-3_Sentry" title="E-3 Sentry">E-3 Sentry</a> was bought from the United States. Despite withdrawing from the <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter" title="Eurofighter" class="mw-redirect">Eurofighter</a> project, France is actively investing in European joint projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_Tiger" title="Eurocopter Tiger">Eurocopter Tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/FREMM_multipurpose_frigate" title="FREMM multipurpose frigate">multipurpose frigates</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UCAV" title="UCAV" class="mw-redirect">UCAV</a> demonstrator <a href="/wiki/NEUROn" title="NEUROn" class="mw-redirect">nEUROn</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A400M" title="Airbus A400M">Airbus A400M</a>.</p> 
<p>France is a major arms seller as most of its arsenal's designs are available for the export market with the notable exception of nuclear-powered devices. Some of the French designed equipments are specifically designed for exports like the Franco-Spanish <a href="/wiki/Scorp%C3%A8ne_class_submarine" title="Scorpène class submarine">Scorpène class submarines</a>. Some French equipments have been largely modified to fit allied countries' requirements like the <a href="/wiki/Formidable_class_frigate" title="Formidable class frigate">Formidable class frigates</a> (based on the La Fayette class) or the <a href="/wiki/Agosta_90B_class_submarine" title="Agosta 90B class submarine" class="mw-redirect">Hashmat class submarines</a> (based on the Agosta class submarines).</p> 
<ul> 
<li>Although it includes very competent anti-terrorist units such as the <a href="/wiki/GIGN" title="GIGN" class="mw-redirect">GIGN</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Escadron_Parachutiste_d%27Intervention_de_la_Gendarmerie_Nationale" title="Escadron Parachutiste d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale" class="mw-redirect">EPIGN</a>, the gendarmerie is a military police force which serves for the most part as a rural and general purpose police force. Since its creation the GIGN has taken part in roughly one thousand operations and freed over five-hundred hostages; the <a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_8969" title="Air France Flight 8969">Air France Flight 8969</a>'s hijacking brought them to the world's attention.</li> 
<li>French intelligence constitutes of two major units: the <a href="/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_ext%C3%A9rieure" title="Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure" class="mw-redirect">DGSE</a> (the external agency) and the <a href="/wiki/Direction_centrale_du_renseignement_int%C3%A9rieur" title="Direction centrale du renseignement intérieur">DCRI</a> (domestic agency). The latter being part of the police while the former is associated to the army. The DGSE is notorious for the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior</a>, but it is also known for revealing the most extensive technological spy network uncovered in Europe and the United States to date through the <a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">mole</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vetrov" title="Vladimir Vetrov">Vladimir Vetrov</a>.</li> 
<li>The French “<i><a href="/wiki/Force_de_frappe" title="Force de frappe" class="mw-redirect">Force de frappe</a></i>” relies on a complete independence. The current French nuclear force consists of four submarines equipped with <a href="/wiki/M45_SLBM" title="M45 SLBM" class="mw-redirect">M45</a> ballistic missiles. The current <a href="/wiki/Le_Triomphant_class_submarine" title="Le Triomphant class submarine" class="mw-redirect"><i>Triomphant</i></a> class is currently under deployment to replace the former <a href="/wiki/Le_Redoutable_class_submarine" title="Le Redoutable class submarine" class="mw-redirect"><i>Redoutable</i></a> class. The <a href="/wiki/M51_SLBM" title="M51 SLBM" class="mw-redirect">M51</a> will replace the M45 in the future and expand the <i>Triomphant</i>s firing range. Aside of the submarines the French dissuasion force uses the <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_2000N/2000D" title="Dassault Mirage 2000N/2000D">Mirage 2000N</a>; it is a variant of the Mirage 2000 and thus is designed to deliver nuclear strikes. Other nuclear devices like the Plateau d'Albion's <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile" title="Intermediate-range ballistic missile">Intermediate-range ballistic missile</a> and the short range <a href="/wiki/Had%C3%A8s_(missile)" title="Hadès (missile)">Hadès</a> missiles have been disarmed. With 350 nuclear heads stockpiled France is the world's third largest nuclear power.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></li> 
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Marine_Nationale" title="Marine Nationale" class="mw-redirect">Marine Nationale</a> is regarded as one of the world's most powerful navies. The professional compendium <i>flottes de combats</i>, in its 2006 edition, ranked it world's 6th biggest navy after the American, Russian, Chinese, British and Japanese navies.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> It is equipped with the only non-American nuclear powered Aircraft Carrier in the world. Recently <a href="/wiki/Mistral_class_landing_platform_dock" title="Mistral class landing platform dock" class="mw-redirect">Mistral</a> class ships joined the Marine Nationale, the Mistral itself having taken part to operations in Lebanon. For the 2004 centennial of the <a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale" class="mw-redirect">Entente Cordiale</a> President Chirac announced the <a href="/wiki/Future_French_aircraft_carrier" title="Future French aircraft carrier">Future French aircraft carrier</a> would be jointly designed with Great Britain. The French navy is equipped with the <a href="/wiki/La_Fayette_class_frigate" title="La Fayette class frigate">La Fayette class frigates</a>, early examples of stealth ships, and several ships are expected to be retired in the next few years and replaced by more modern ships, examples of future surface ships are the <a href="/wiki/Horizon_class_frigate" title="Horizon class frigate">Forbin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FREMM_multipurpose_frigate" title="FREMM multipurpose frigate">Aquitaine</a> class frigates. The attack submarines are also part of the <a href="/wiki/Force_Oc%C3%A9anique_Strat%C3%A9gique" title="Force Océanique Stratégique" class="mw-redirect">Force Océanique Stratégique</a> although they do not carry the nuclear dissuasion, the current class is the <a href="/wiki/Rubis_class_submarine" title="Rubis class submarine">Rubis Class</a> and will be replaced in the future by the expected <a href="/wiki/French_Barracuda_class_submarine" title="French Barracuda class submarine">Suffren Class</a>.</li> 
</ul> 
<div class="thumb tright"> 
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Army_soldier.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/French_Army_soldier.jpg/180px-French_Army_soldier.jpg" width="180" height="120" class="thumbimage" /></a> 
<div class="thumbcaption"> 
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Army_soldier.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> 
A French army <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldier</a></div> 
</div> 
</div> 
<ul> 
<li>The <i><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Armée de Terre</a></i> employs 133,500 people. It is famous for the <i><a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">Légion Etrangère</a></i> (French Foreign Legion) though the French special forces are not the Legion but the <a href="/wiki/13th_Parachute_Dragoon_Regiment" title="13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment">Dragons Parachutistes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Infantry_Parachute_Regiment" title="1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment">Marines Parachutistes</a>. The French assault rifle is the <a href="/wiki/FAMAS_(rifle)" title="FAMAS (rifle)" class="mw-redirect">FAMAS</a> and future infantry combat system is the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lin" title="Félin" class="mw-redirect">Félin</a>. France uses both tracked and wheeled vehicles to a significant points, examples of wheeled vehicles would be the <a href="/wiki/Camion_%C3%A9quip%C3%A9_d%27un_syst%C3%A8me_d%27artillerie" title="Camion équipé d'un système d'artillerie" class="mw-redirect">Caesar</a> or the <a href="/wiki/AMX_10_RC" title="AMX 10 RC">AMX 10 RC</a>. Although its main battle tank is the <a href="/wiki/Leclerc" title="Leclerc">Leclerc</a> many older <a href="/wiki/AMX_30" title="AMX 30" class="mw-redirect">AMX 30</a> tanks are still operational. It uses the <a href="/wiki/AMX_30_AuF1" title="AMX 30 AuF1">AMX 30 AuF1</a> for artillery and is equipped with <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_Tiger" title="Eurocopter Tiger">Eurocopter Tigers</a> helicopters.</li> 
<li>The <a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" title="French Air Force">Armée de l'Air</a> is the oldest and first professional air force worldwide. It still today retains a significant capacity. It uses mainly two aircraft fighters: the older <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_F1" title="Dassault Mirage F1">Mirage F1</a> and the more recent <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_2000" title="Dassault Mirage 2000">Mirage 2000</a>. The later model exists in a ground attack version called the <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_2000N/2000D" title="Dassault Mirage 2000N/2000D">Mirage2000D</a>. The modern <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Rafale" title="Dassault Rafale">Rafale</a> is in deployment in both the French air force and navy.</li> 
</ul> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Transport">Transport</span></h2> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport in France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_France" title="Rail transport in France">Rail transport in France</a></div> 
<div class="thumb tleft"> 
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TGV_at_Avignon.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/TGV_at_Avignon.jpg/180px-TGV_at_Avignon.jpg" width="180" height="135" class="thumbimage" /></a> 
<div class="thumbcaption"> 
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:TGV_at_Avignon.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> 
A <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est</a>.</div> 
</div> 
</div> 
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Railway" title="Railway" class="mw-redirect">railway</a> network of France, which stretches 31,840&#160;kilometres (19,784&#160;mi) is the most extensive in Western Europe. It is operated by the <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a>, and high-speed trains include the <a href="/wiki/Thalys" title="Thalys">Thalys</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> and <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a>, which travels at 320&#160;km/h (199&#160;mph) in commercial use. The <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Eurotunnel_Shuttle" title="Eurotunnel Shuttle">Eurotunnel Shuttle</a>, connects with the United Kingdom through the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>. Rail connections exist to all other neighbouring countries in Europe, except <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>. Intra-urban connections are also well developed with both <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">underground services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tramway</a> services complementing <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">bus</a> services.</p> 
<p>There are approximately 893,300&#160;kilometres (555,071&#160;mi) of serviceable roadway in France. The Paris region is enveloped with the most dense network of roads and highways that connect it with virtually all parts of the country. French roads also handle substantial international traffic, connecting with cities in neighboring Belgium, Spain, Andorra, Monaco, Switzerland, Germany and Italy. There is no annual registration fee or road tax; however, motorway usage is through tolls except in the vicinity of large communes. The new car market is dominated by domestic brands such as <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> (27% of cars sold in France in 2003), <a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a> (20.1%) and <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a> (13.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> Over 70% of new cars sold in 2004 had <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a>, far more than contained <a href="/wiki/Petrol" title="Petrol" class="mw-redirect">petrol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" title="Liquified petroleum gas" class="mw-redirect">LPG</a> engines.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> France possesses the world's tallest road bridge: the <a href="/wiki/Millau_Viaduct" title="Millau Viaduct">Millau Viaduct</a>, and has built many important bridges such as the <a href="/wiki/Pont_de_Normandie" title="Pont de Normandie">Pont de Normandie</a>.</p> 
<p>There are approximately 478 <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_France" title="List of airports in France">airports</a> in France, including landing fields. <a href="/wiki/Paris-Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport">Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport</a> located in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> is the largest and busiest airport in the country, handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic of the country and connecting Paris with virtually all major cities across the world. <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a> is the national carrier airline, although numerous private airline companies provide domestic and international travel services. There are ten major ports in France, the largest of which is in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, which also is the largest bordering the Mediterranean Sea. 14,932&#160;kilometres (9,278&#160;mi) of waterways traverse France including the <a href="/wiki/Canal_du_Midi" title="Canal du Midi">Canal du Midi</a> which connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean through the <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> river.</p> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</span></h2> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">Regions of France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Departments of France</a></div> 
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aire_urbaine" title="Aire urbaine" class="mw-redirect">Aire urbaine</a>&#160;and <a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants_(1999_census)" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants (1999 census)">List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants (1999 census)</a></div> 
<div class="thumb tright"> 
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/wiki/File:France_departements_regions_narrow.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/France_departements_regions_narrow.jpg/180px-France_departements_regions_narrow.jpg" width="180" height="190" class="thumbimage" /></a> 
<div class="thumbcaption"> 
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:France_departements_regions_narrow.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> 
The 22 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">regions</a> and 96 <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a> of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> (<i>Corse</i>, lower right). Paris area is expanded (inset at left)</div> 
</div> 
</div> 
<div class="thumb tright"> 
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/wiki/File:France-Constituent-Lands.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/France-Constituent-Lands.png/180px-France-Constituent-Lands.png" width="180" height="178" class="thumbimage" /></a> 
<div class="thumbcaption"> 
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:France-Constituent-Lands.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> 
The lands making up the French Republic, shown at the same <a href="/wiki/Scale_(map)" title="Scale (map)">geographic scale</a>.</div> 
</div> 
</div> 
<p>France is divided into 26 administrative <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">regions</a>. 22 are in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a> (21 are on the continental part of metropolitan France; one is the territorial collectivity of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>), and four are <a href="/wiki/Overseas_region" title="Overseas region">overseas regions</a>. The regions are further subdivided into 100 <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a> which are numbered (mainly alphabetically). This number is used in postal codes and vehicle number plates amongst others. The 100 departments are subdivided into 341 <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_France" title="Arrondissements of France">arrondissements</a> which are, in turn, subdivided into 4,032 <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_France" title="Cantons of France">cantons</a>. These cantons are then divided into 36,680 <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">communes</a>, which are municipalities with an elected municipal council. There also exist 2,588 <a href="/wiki/Communes_in_France#Intercommunality" title="Communes in France" class="mw-redirect">intercommunal</a> entities grouping 33,414 of the 36,680 communes (i.e. 91.1% of all the communes). Three communes, Paris, Lyon and Marseille are also subdivided into 45 <a href="/wiki/Municipal_arrondissements_of_France" title="Municipal arrondissements of France">municipal arrondissements</a>.</p> 
<p>The regions, departments and communes are all known as <a href="/wiki/Territorial_collectivity" title="Territorial collectivity">territorial collectivities</a>, meaning they possess local assemblies as well as an executive. Arrondissements and cantons are merely administrative divisions. However, this was not always the case. Until 1940, the arrondissements were also territorial collectivities with an elected assembly, but these were suspended by the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy regime</a> and definitely abolished by the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> in 1946. Historically, the cantons were also territorial collectivities with their elected assemblies.</p> 
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Metropolitan_regions_and_departments">Metropolitan regions and departments</span></h3> 
<table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"> 
<tr> 
<th>Region</th> 
<th>Departments</th> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Alsace.svg/22px-Flag_of_Alsace.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Aquitaine_flag.svg/22px-Aquitaine_flag.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gironde" title="Gironde">Gironde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landes_(department)" title="Landes (department)">Landes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lot-et-Garonne" title="Lot-et-Garonne">Lot-et-Garonne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pyrénées-Atlantiques</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Auvergne_flag.svg/22px-Auvergne_flag.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(region)" title="Auvergne (region)">Auvergne</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Allier" title="Allier">Allier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantal" title="Cantal">Cantal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haute-Loire" title="Haute-Loire">Haute-Loire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" title="Puy-de-Dôme">Puy-de-Dôme</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Normandy-flag.gif" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Lower_Normandy" title="Lower Normandy">Basse-Normandie</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manche" title="Manche">Manche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orne" title="Orne">Orne</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bourgogne_flag.svg/22px-Bourgogne_flag.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(French_region)" title="Burgundy (French region)">Bourgogne</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or" title="Côte-d'Or">Côte-d'Or</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Saône-et-Loire">Saône-et-Loire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yonne" title="Yonne">Yonne</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Brittany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brittany.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Bretagne</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Centre_flag.svg/22px-Centre_flag.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Centre_(region)" title="Centre (region)">Centre</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Cher_(department)" title="Cher (department)">Cher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eure-et-Loir" title="Eure-et-Loir">Eure-et-Loir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indre" title="Indre">Indre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indre-et-Loire" title="Indre-et-Loire">Indre-et-Loire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loiret" title="Loiret">Loiret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loir-et-Cher" title="Loir-et-Cher">Loir-et-Cher</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Champagne-Ardenne_flag.svg/22px-Champagne-Ardenne_flag.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Champagne-Ardenne" title="Champagne-Ardenne">Champagne-Ardenne</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Ardennes_(department)" title="Ardennes (department)">Ardennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aube" title="Aube">Aube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haute-Marne" title="Haute-Marne">Haute-Marne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marne" title="Marne">Marne</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Corsica.svg/22px-Flag_of_Corsica.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> (<i>Corse</i>)</td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Corse-du-Sud" title="Corse-du-Sud">Corse-du-Sud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haute-Corse" title="Haute-Corse">Haute-Corse</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Franche-Comt%C3%A9.svg/22px-Franche-Comt%C3%A9.svg.png" width="22" height="14" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Doubs" title="Doubs">Doubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Haute-Saône">Haute-Saône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jura_(department)" title="Jura (department)">Jura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Territoire_de_Belfort" title="Territoire de Belfort">Territoire de Belfort</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Haute-Normandie_flag.svg/22px-Haute-Normandie_flag.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Upper_Normandy" title="Upper Normandy">Haute-Normandie</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Eure" title="Eure">Eure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seine-Maritime" title="Seine-Maritime">Seine-Maritime</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%C3%8Ele-de-France_flag.svg/22px-%C3%8Ele-de-France_flag.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)" title="Île-de-France (region)">Île-de-France</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Essonne" title="Essonne">Essonne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seine-et-Marne" title="Seine-et-Marne">Seine-et-Marne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Seine-Saint-Denis">Seine-Saint-Denis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Val-de-Marne" title="Val-de-Marne">Val-de-Marne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Oise" title="Val-d'Oise">Val-d'Oise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yvelines" title="Yvelines">Yvelines</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Languedoc-Roussillon2.svg/22px-Flag_of_Languedoc-Roussillon2.svg.png" width="22" height="12" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon" title="Languedoc-Roussillon">Languedoc-Roussillon</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Aude" title="Aude">Aude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gard" title="Gard">Gard</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rault" title="Hérault">Hérault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loz%C3%A8re" title="Lozère">Lozère</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Limousin_flag.svg/22px-Limousin_flag.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Limousin_(region)" title="Limousin (region)">Limousin</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze" title="Corrèze">Corrèze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creuse" title="Creuse">Creuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haute-Vienne" title="Haute-Vienne">Haute-Vienne</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lorraine.svg/22px-Lorraine.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(region)" title="Lorraine (region)">Lorraine</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es.svg/22px-Flag_of_Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Midi-Pyrénées">Midi-Pyrénées</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Ari%C3%A8ge" title="Ariège">Ariège</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aveyron" title="Aveyron">Aveyron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gers" title="Gers">Gers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haute-Garonne" title="Haute-Garonne">Haute-Garonne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hautes-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Hautes-Pyrénées">Hautes-Pyrénées</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lot_(department)" title="Lot (department)">Lot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarn_(department)" title="Tarn (department)">Tarn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarn-et-Garonne" title="Tarn-et-Garonne">Tarn-et-Garonne</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Nord-Pas-de-Calais_flag.svg/22px-Nord-Pas-de-Calais_flag.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Nord_(department)" title="Nord (department)" class="mw-redirect">Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pays-de-la-Loire_flag.svg/22px-Pays-de-la-Loire_flag.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine-et-Loire" title="Maine-et-Loire">Maine-et-Loire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayenne" title="Mayenne">Mayenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarthe" title="Sarthe">Sarthe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Picardie.jpg/22px-Picardie.jpg" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Picardy_(region)" title="Picardy (region)">Picardie</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Aisne" title="Aisne">Aisne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oise" title="Oise">Oise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somme" title="Somme">Somme</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Poitou-Charentes_flag.svg/22px-Poitou-Charentes_flag.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Poitou-Charentes" title="Poitou-Charentes">Poitou-Charentes</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Charente" title="Charente">Charente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charente-Maritime" title="Charente-Maritime">Charente-Maritime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deux-S%C3%A8vres" title="Deux-Sèvres">Deux-Sèvres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienne" title="Vienne">Vienne</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te-d%27Azur_flag.svg/22px-Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te-d%27Azur_flag.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Alpes-de-Haute-Provence" title="Alpes-de-Haute-Provence">Alpes-de-Haute-Provence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes" title="Alpes-Maritimes">Alpes-Maritimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hautes-Alpes" title="Hautes-Alpes">Hautes-Alpes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Var_(department)" title="Var (department)">Var</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaucluse" title="Vaucluse">Vaucluse</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Blason_rhonalpe.png/22px-Blason_rhonalpe.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Rhône-Alpes">Rhône-Alpes</a></td> 
<td><a href="/wiki/Ain" title="Ain">Ain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ard%C3%A8che" title="Ardèche">Ardèche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me" title="Drôme">Drôme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haute-Savoie" title="Haute-Savoie">Haute-Savoie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%A8re" title="Isère">Isère</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône" class="mw-redirect">Rhône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a></td> 
</tr> 
</table> 
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Overseas_regions.2Fdepartments.2C_collectivities.2C_and_territories">Overseas regions/departments, collectivities, and territories</span></h3> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_France" title="Overseas departments and territories of France">Overseas departments and territories of France</a></div> 
<p>Among the 100 departments of France, four (<a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>) are in overseas regions (ROMs) that are also simultaneously <a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" title="Overseas department">overseas departments</a> (DOMs) and are an integral part of France (and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>) and thus enjoy a status similar to metropolitan departments.</p> 
<p>In addition to the 26 regions and 100 departments, the French Republic also has six <a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">overseas collectivities</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_(France)" title="Saint Martin (France)">Saint Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>), one <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a></i> collectivity (<a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory_(France)" title="Overseas territory (France)">overseas territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a>), and one island possession in the Pacific Ocean (<a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a>). Overseas collectivities and territories form part of the French Republic, but do not form part of the European Union or its fiscal area. The Pacific Collectivities (COMs) of French Polynesia, Wallis and Fortuna, and New Caledonia continue to use the <a href="/wiki/CFP_franc" title="CFP franc">Pacific franc</a> whose value is linked to that of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>. In contrast, the four overseas regions used the French franc and now use the euro.</p> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span></h2> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy in France</a></div> 
<div class="rellink">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_companies" title="List of French companies" class="mw-redirect">List of French companies</a>&#160;and&#160;<a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history of France</a></div> 
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The first completed <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> at the “A380 Reveal” event in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> on 18 January 2005. Airbus is a symbol of the globalisation of the French and European economy</div> 
</div> 
</div> 
<p>A member of the <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> group of leading industrialised countries, it is ranked as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">fifth largest</a> economy by nominal <a href="/wiki/GDP" title="GDP" class="mw-redirect">GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> France joined 11 other <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> members to launch the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> on 1 January 1999, with <a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">euro coins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">banknotes</a> completely replacing the French <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">franc</a> (₣) in early 2002.</p> 
<p>France's economy combines extensive private enterprise (nearly 2.5 million companies registered)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> with substantial (though declining<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWorldFactbook_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactbook-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup>) government intervention (see <a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">dirigisme</a>). The government retains considerable influence over key segments of infrastructure sectors, with majority ownership of railway, electricity, aircraft, and telecommunications firms.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWorldFactbook_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactbook-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> It has been gradually relaxing its control over these sectors since the early <a href="/wiki/1990s#Economics" title="1990s">1990s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWorldFactbook_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactbook-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> The government is slowly selling off holdings in <a href="/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com" title="France Télécom">France Télécom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a>, as well as the insurance, banking, and defence industries.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWorldFactbook_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactbook-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> France has an important aerospace industry led by the European consortium <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>, and has its own national <a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">spaceport</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Centre_Spatial_Guyanais" title="Centre Spatial Guyanais" class="mw-redirect">Centre Spatial Guyanais</a></i>.</p> 
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France relies heavily on nuclear power (<a href="/wiki/Golfech" title="Golfech">Golfech</a> reactor).</div> 
</div> 
</div> 
<p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>, in 2009 France was the world's sixth-largest exporter and the fifth-largest importer of manufactured goods.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2008, France was the third-largest recipient of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> among OECD countries at $117.9 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a>, ranking behind Luxembourg (where foreign direct investment was essentially monetary transfers to banks located in that country) and the United States ($316.1 billion), but above the United Kingdom ($96.9 billion), Germany ($24.9 billion), or Japan ($24.4 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-FDI_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDI-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FDI2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDI2-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> In the same year, French companies invested $220 billion outside of France, ranking France as the second most important outward direct investor in the OECD, behind the United States ($311.8 billion), and ahead of the United Kingdom ($111.4 billion), Japan ($128 billion) and Germany ($156.5 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-FDI_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDI-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FDI2_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDI2-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
<p>France is the smallest emitter of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">carbon dioxide</a> among the seven most industrialized countries in the world, due to its <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">heavy investment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> As a result of large investments in nuclear technology, most of the electricity produced in the country is generated by 59 nuclear power plants (78% in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> up from only 8% in 1973, 24% in 1980, and 75% in 1990). In this context, renewable energies (see the power cooperative <a href="/wiki/Enercoop" title="Enercoop">Enercoop</a>) are having difficulties taking off the ground.</p> 
<p>Large tracts of fertile land, the application of modern technology, and EU subsidies have combined to make France the leading agricultural producer and exporter in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> Wheat, poultry, dairy, beef, and pork, as well as an internationally recognized <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">foodstuff</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">wine</a> industry are primary French agricultural exports. EU agriculture subsidies to France have decreased for the last years, but still amounted to $8 billion in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
<p>Since the end of the Second World War the government made efforts to integrate more and more with <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, both economically and politically. Today the two countries form what is often referred to as the “core” countries in favour of greater integration of the European Union.</p> 
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Labour_market">Labour market</span></h3> 
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<a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a>, Paris is the heart of the French economy</div> 
</div> 
</div> 
<p>The French GDP per capita is similar the GDP per capita of other comparable European countries such as Germany and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> GDP per capita is determined by (i) productivity per hour worked, which in France is <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita_per_hour" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita per hour" class="mw-redirect">the highest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> countries in 2005, according to the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD" class="mw-redirect">OECD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Labour2003_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labour2003-48"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> (ii) the number of hours worked, which is one the lowest of developed countries,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> and (iii) the employment rate. France has one of the lowest 15–64 years employment rates of the OECD countries: in 2004, only 69% of the French population aged 15–64 years were in employment, compared to 80% in Japan, 79% in the UK, 77% in the US, and 71% in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Employment2004_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Employment2004-50"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
<p>This gap is due to the very low employment rates at both age extremes: the employment rate of people aged 55–64 was 38,3% in 2007, compared to 46,6% in the <a href="/wiki/EU15" title="EU15" class="mw-redirect">EU15</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> for the 15–24 years old, the employment rate was 31,5% in 2007, compared to 37,2% in <a href="/wiki/EU25" title="EU25" class="mw-redirect">EU25</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> These low employment rates are explained by the high <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wages" title="Minimum wages" class="mw-redirect">minimum wages</a> which prevent low productivity workers – such as young people – from easily entering the labour market,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> ineffective university curricula that fail to prepare students adequately for the labour market,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> and, concerning the older workers, restrictive legislation on work and incentives for premature retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
<p>The unemployment rate decreased from 9% in 2006 to 7% in 2008 but remains one of the highest in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> In June 2009, the unemployment rate for France was 9.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> Shorter working hours and the reluctance to reform the labour market are mentioned as weak spots of the French economy in the view of the <a href="/wiki/Right_wing_politics" title="Right wing politics" class="mw-redirect">right</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Left_wing_politics" title="Left wing politics" class="mw-redirect">left</a> mentions the lack of government policies fostering social justice. <a href="/wiki/Liberal_theory_of_economics" title="Liberal theory of economics" class="mw-redirect">Liberal economists</a> have stressed repeatedly over the years that the main issue of the French economy is an issue of structural reforms, in order to increase the size of the working population in the overall population, reduce the taxes' level and the administrative burden. <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economists</a> have different answers to the unemployment issue, and their theories led to the <a href="/wiki/35-hour_workweek" title="35-hour workweek">35-hour workweek</a> law in the early 2000s, which turned out to be failure in reducing unemployment. Afterwards, between 2004 and 2008, the Government made some supply-oriented reforms to combat unemployment but met with fierce resistance, especially with the <i><a href="/wiki/Contrat_nouvelle_embauche" title="Contrat nouvelle embauche">contrat nouvelle embauche</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Contrat_premi%C3%A8re_embauche" title="Contrat première embauche" class="mw-redirect">contrat première embauche</a></i> which both were eventually repealed. The current Government is experiencing the <i><a href="/wiki/Revenu_de_solidarit%C3%A9_active" title="Revenu de solidarité active">Revenu de solidarité active</a></i>.</p> 
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</span></h3> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism in France</a></div> 
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau-de-versailles-cour.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chateau-de-versailles-cour.jpg/180px-Chateau-de-versailles-cour.jpg" width="180" height="76" class="thumbimage" /></a> 
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The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> is one of the most popular tourist destinations in France.</div> 
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<p>With 81.9 million foreign tourists in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-tourism.stat_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tourism.stat-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> France is <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Rankings" title="World Tourism Rankings" class="mw-redirect">ranked</a> as the first tourist destination in the world, ahead of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (58.5 million in 2006) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (51.1 million in 2006). This 81.9 million figure excludes people staying less than 24 hours in France, such as northern Europeans crossing France on their way to Spain or Italy during the Summer. France features cities of high cultural interest (<a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> being the foremost), beaches and seaside resorts, <a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">ski</a> resorts, and rural regions that many enjoy for their beauty and tranquillity (green tourism). Aside from casual tourism France attracts a lot of religious pilgrims to <a href="/wiki/Lourdes" title="Lourdes">Lourdes</a>, a town in the Hautes-Pyrénées département, that hosts a few million tourists a year.</p> 
<p>Popular tourist sites include: (according to a 2003 ranking<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> visitors per year): <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> (6.2 million), <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre Museum</a> (5.7 million), <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> (2.8 million), <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a> (2.1 million), <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a> (1.2 million), <a href="/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou" title="Centre Georges Pompidou">Centre Pompidou</a> (1.2 million), <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect">Mont-Saint-Michel</a> (1 million), <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chambord" title="Château de Chambord">Château de Chambord</a> (711,000), <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> (683,000), <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Haut-K%C5%93nigsbourg" title="Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg">Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg</a> (549,000), <a href="/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me_(mountain)" title="Puy-de-Dôme (mountain)">Puy de Dôme</a> (500,000), <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso" title="Musée Picasso">Musée Picasso</a> (441,000), <a href="/wiki/Carcassonne" title="Carcassonne">Carcassonne</a> (362,000).</p> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demography">Demography</span></h2> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_France" title="Demography of France" class="mw-redirect">Demography of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Languages of France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a></div> 
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/wiki/File:France_population_density_40pc.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/France_population_density_40pc.png/180px-France_population_density_40pc.png" width="180" height="292" class="thumbimage" /></a> 
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<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:France_population_density_40pc.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> 
<a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> in the French Republic at the 1999 census.</div> 
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/wiki/File:France_cities.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/France_cities.png/180px-France_cities.png" width="180" height="180" class="thumbimage" /></a> 
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Metropolitan French cities with over 100,000 inhabitants</div> 
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<p>With an estimated population of 65.1 million people,<sup id="cite_ref-population_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> France is the 19th most populous country in the world. France's <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_France_over_20,000_population_(1999_census)" title="List of cities in France over 20,000 population (1999 census)" class="mw-redirect">largest cities</a> are <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>.</p> 
<p>In 2003, France's natural population growth (excluding <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a>) was responsible for almost all natural population growth in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. In 2004, population growth was 0.68% and then in 2005 birth and fertility rates continued to increase. The natural increase of births over deaths rose to 299,800 in 2006. The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> rose to 2.02 in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-population_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> from 1.88 in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:New-Map-Francophone_World.PNG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/New-Map-Francophone_World.PNG/200px-New-Map-Francophone_World.PNG" width="200" height="93" class="thumbimage" /></a> 
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<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:New-Map-Francophone_World.PNG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> 
France's legacy: a map of the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">Francophone</a> world <span style="margin:0px; padding-bottom:1px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border:#0c5eb1 solid 1px;; background-color:#0c5eb1; color:#0c5eb1">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;native language</span> <span style="margin:0px; padding-bottom:1px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border:#0080ff solid 1px;; background-color:#0080ff; color:#0080ff">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;administrative language</span> <span style="margin:0px; padding-bottom:1px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border:#9fceff solid 1px;; background-color:#9fceff; color:#9fceff">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;secondary or non-official language</span> <span style="margin:0px; padding-bottom:1px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border:#00ff00 solid 1px;; background-color:#00ff00; color:#00ff00">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;francophone minorities</span></div> 
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<p>In 2004, a total of 140,033 people immigrated to France. Of them, 90,250 were from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and 13,710 from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2005, immigration level fell slightly to 135,890.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
<p>It is illegal for the French state to collect data on ethnicity and race, a law with its origins in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">1789 revolution</a> and reaffirmed in the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution" title="French Constitution" class="mw-redirect">constitution of 1958</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oppenheimer_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oppenheimer-64"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, France is an ethnically diverse nation with about six million North Africans and an estimated 2.5 million blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> It is currently estimated that 40% of the French population descends from different waves of migrations.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/INSEE" title="INSEE">French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies</a>, it has an estimated 4.9 million foreign-born immigrants, of which 2 million have acquired French citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-INSEE1_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INSEE1-68"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> France is the leading <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">asylum</a> destination in Western Europe with an estimated 50,000 applications in 2005 (a 15% decrease from 2004).<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCR_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-69"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> allows free movement between the member states. While <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> did not impose restrictions, France put in place controls to curb <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European" title="Eastern European" class="mw-redirect">Eastern European</a> migration.</p> 
<p>A perennial political issue concerns <a href="/wiki/Rural_depopulation" title="Rural depopulation" class="mw-redirect">rural depopulation</a>. Over the period 1960–1999 fifteen rural <i>départements</i> experienced a decline in population. In the most extreme case, the population of <a href="/wiki/Creuse" title="Creuse">Creuse</a> fell by 24%.</p> 
<p>According to Article 2 of the Constitution, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is the sole official language of France since 1992. This makes France the only Western European nation (excluding <a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">microstates</a>) to have only one officially recognised language. However, 77 <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">regional languages</a> are also spoken, in metropolitan France as well as in the overseas departments and territories. Until recently, the French government and state school system discouraged the use of any of these languages, but they are now taught to varying degrees at some schools.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> Other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi Arabic</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> are spoken by immigrants.</p> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span></h2> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion in France</a></div> 
<p>France is a <a href="/wiki/Secular" title="Secular" class="mw-redirect">secular</a> country as freedom of religion is a constitutional right. According to a January 2007 poll by the Catholic World News:<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-religion_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion-72"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> 51% identified as being <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" title="Catholicism">Catholics</a>, 31% identified as being <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> <i>(another poll<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> sets the proportion of atheists equal to 27%)</i>, 10% identified as being from other religions or being without opinion, 4% identified as <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a>, 3% identified as <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>, 1% identified as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a>, 1% identified as <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a>.</p> 
<p>According to the most recent <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer Poll</a> 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-EUROBAROMETER_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-74"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> 34% of French citizens responded that “they believe there is a god”, whereas 27% answered that “they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force” and 33% that “they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force”. One other study shows 32% of people in France declaring themselves to be <a href="/wiki/Atheists" title="Atheists" class="mw-redirect">atheists</a>, and another 32% declaring themselves “sceptical about the existence of God but not an atheist”.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
<p>Estimates of the number of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">Muslims in France</a> vary widely. According to the 1999 French census returns, there were 3.7 million people of “possible Muslim faith” in France (6.3% of the total population). In 2003, the French Ministry of the Interior estimated the total number of Muslims to be between five and six million (8-10%).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> The current <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_France" title="Jews in France" class="mw-redirect">Jewish community in France</a> numbers around 600,000 according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress" title="World Jewish Congress">World Jewish Congress</a> and is the largest in Europe.</p> 
<p>The concept of <i><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" title="Laïcité">laïcité</a></i> exists in France and because of this, since 1905, the French government is legally prohibited from recognizing any <i>religion</i> (except for legacy statutes like those of military <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Moselle" title="Alsace-Moselle">Alsace-Moselle</a>). Instead, it merely recognizes <i>religious organizations</i>, according to formal legal criteria that do not address religious doctrine. Conversely, religious organizations should refrain from intervening in policy-making.</p> 
<p>Certain body of beliefs such as <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Children_of_God" title="Children of God">Children of God</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Solar_Temple" title="Order of the Solar Temple">Order of the Solar Temple</a> are considered <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sects</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> and therefore do not have the same status as religions in France. "Sect" is considered a pejorative term in France.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_health">Public health</span></h2> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_France" title="Health in France">Health in France</a></div> 
<p><a href="/wiki/Health_in_France" title="Health in France">The French healthcare system</a> was ranked first worldwide by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> Care is generally free for people affected by <a href="/wiki/Chronic_disease" title="Chronic disease" class="mw-redirect">chronic diseases</a> (Affections de longues durées) such as <a href="/wiki/Cancers" title="Cancers" class="mw-redirect">cancers</a>, <a href="/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cystic_Fibrosis" title="Cystic Fibrosis" class="mw-redirect">Cystic Fibrosis</a>. Average life expectancy at birth is 79.73 years.</p> 
<p>As of 2007, there are approximately 140,000 inhabitants (0.4%) of France who are living with HIV/AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
<p>France, as all EU countries, is under an <a href="/wiki/EU" title="EU" class="mw-redirect">EU</a> directive to reduce sewage discharge to sensitive areas. As of 2006, France is only 40% in compliance with this directive, placing it as one of the lowest achieving countries within the EU with regard to this <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment" class="mw-redirect">wastewater treatment</a> standard.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chantal_S%C3%A9bire" title="Chantal Sébire">Chantal Sébire</a> revived the debate over <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> in France. It was reported on March 21, 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup></p> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span></h2> 
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:142px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar.jpg/140px-Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar.jpg" width="140" height="228" class="thumbimage" /></a> 
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<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> 
<a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Impressionist" title="Impressionist" class="mw-redirect">Impressionist</a> movement</div> 
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<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture of France</a></div> 
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Architecture">Architecture</span></h3> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">French architecture</a></div> 
<p>There is, technically speaking, no architecture named <i>French Architecture</i>, although that has not always been true. <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Architecture" title="Gothic Architecture" class="mw-redirect">Gothic Architecture</a>'s old name was <i>French Architecture</i> (or Opus Francigenum). The term “Gothic” appeared later as a stylistic insult and was widely adopted. Northern France is the home of some of the most important Gothic <a href="/wiki/Cathedrals" title="Cathedrals" class="mw-redirect">cathedrals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilicas" title="Basilicas" class="mw-redirect">basilicas</a>, the first of these being the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica" title="Saint Denis Basilica" class="mw-redirect">Saint Denis Basilica</a> (used as the royal necropolis); other important French Gothic cathedrals are <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Chartres" title="Cathedral of Chartres" class="mw-redirect">Notre-Dame de Chartres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Notre-Dame d'Amiens</a>. The kings were crowned in another important Gothic church: <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Reims" title="Notre-Dame de Reims" class="mw-redirect">Notre-Dame de Reims</a>. Aside from churches, Gothic Architecture had been used for many religious palaces, the most important one being the <a href="/wiki/Palais_des_Papes" title="Palais des Papes">Palais des Papes</a> in Avignon.</p> 
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<a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Saint Louis'</a> <a href="/wiki/Sainte_Chapelle" title="Sainte Chapelle" class="mw-redirect">Sainte Chapelle</a> represents the French impact on religious architecture.</div> 
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<p>During the Middle Ages, fortified <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a> were built by feudal nobles to mark their powers against their rivals. When <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">King Philip II</a> took <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> from <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" title="John of England">King John</a>, for example, he demolished the ducal castle to build a bigger one. Fortified cities were also common, unfortunately most French castles did not survive the passage of time. This is why <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard the Lionheart's</a> <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Gaillard" title="Château-Gaillard">Château-Gaillard</a> was demolished, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Lusignan" title="Château de Lusignan">Château de Lusignan</a>. Some important French castles that survived are <a href="/wiki/Chinon_(castle)" title="Chinon (castle)" class="mw-redirect">Chinon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Angers" title="Château d'Angers">Château d'Angers</a>, the massive <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Château de Vincennes</a> and the so called <a href="/wiki/Cathar_castles" title="Cathar castles">Cathar castles</a>.</p> 
<p>Before the appearance of this architecture France had been using <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a> like most of Western Europe (with the exception of the Iberian Peninsula, which used Mooresque architecture). Some of the greatest examples of Romanesque churches in France are the <a href="/wiki/Basilique_de_Saint-Sernin,_Toulouse" title="Basilique de Saint-Sernin, Toulouse" class="mw-redirect">Saint Sernin Basilica</a> in Toulouse and the remains of the <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Cluniac Abbey</a> (largely destroyed during the Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars).</p> 
<p>The end of the Hundred Years' War marked an important stage in the evolution of French architecture. It was the time of the <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">French Renaissance</a> and several artists from Italy and Spain were invited to the French court; many residential palaces, Italian-inspired, were built, mainly in the Loire Valley. Such residential castles were the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chambord" title="Château de Chambord">Château de Chambord</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau" title="Château de Chenonceau">Château de Chenonceau</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise" title="Château d'Amboise">Château d'Amboise</a>. Following the renaissance and the end of the Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_Architecture" title="Baroque Architecture" class="mw-redirect">Baroque Architecture</a> replaced the gothic one. However, in France, baroque architecture found a greater success in the secular domain than in the religious one.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> In the secular domain the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> has many baroque features. <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin_Mansart" title="Jules Hardouin Mansart">Jules Hardouin Mansart</a> can be said to be the most influential French architect of the baroque style, with his very famous baroque dome of <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a>. Some of the most impressive provincial baroque architecture is found in places that were not yet French such as the <a href="/wiki/Place_Stanislas" title="Place Stanislas">Place Stanislas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nancy" title="Nancy">Nancy</a>. On the military architectural side <a href="/wiki/Vauban" title="Vauban">Vauban</a> designed some of the most efficient fortresses of Europe and became a very influential military architect.</p> 
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The <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> is an icon of both Paris and France</div> 
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<p>After the Revolution the Republicans favoured <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> although neoclassicism was introduced in France prior to the revolution with such building as the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on,_Paris" title="Panthéon, Paris">Parisian Pantheon</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Capitole_de_Toulouse" title="Capitole de Toulouse">Capitole de Toulouse</a>. Built during the French Empire the <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleine" title="Église de la Madeleine">Sainte Marie-Madeleine</a> represent this trend the best.</p> 
<p>Under Napoleon III a new wave of urbanism and architecture was given birth. If some very extravagant buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Neo-baroque" title="Neo-baroque" class="mw-redirect">neo-baroque</a> <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a> were built, the urban planning of the time was very organised and rigorous. For example <a href="/wiki/Baron_Haussmann" title="Baron Haussmann">Baron Haussmann</a> <a href="/wiki/Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris" title="Haussmann's renovation of Paris">rebuilt Paris</a>. The architecture associated to this era is named <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_(architecture)" title="Second Empire (architecture)">Second Empire</a> in the English speaking world, the term being taken from the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a>. These times also saw a strong Gothic-Revival trend across Europe, in France the associated architect was <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>. In the late 19th century <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel" title="Gustave Eiffel">Gustave Eiffel</a> designed many bridges (like the <a href="/wiki/Garabit_viaduct" title="Garabit viaduct">Garabit viaduct</a>) and remains one of the most influential bridge designer of his time, although he is best remembered for the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a>.</p> 
<p>In the 20th century the Swiss Architect <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> designed several buildings in France. More recently French architects have combined both modern and old architectural styles. The <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a> is a good example of modern architecture added to an older building. Certainly the most difficult buildings to integrate within French cities are skyscrapers, as they are visible from afar. France's largest financial district is <a href="/wiki/La_Defense" title="La Defense" class="mw-redirect">La Defense</a>, where a significant number of skyscrapers are located. Other massive buildings that are a challenge to integrate into their environment are large bridges; a good example of the way this has been done is the <a href="/wiki/Millau_Viaduct" title="Millau Viaduct">Millau Viaduct</a>. Some famous modern French architects include <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nouvel" title="Jean Nouvel">Jean Nouvel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paul_Andreu" title="Paul Andreu">Paul Andreu</a>.</p> 
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<a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a> is the most played author in the <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a></div> 
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literature">Literature</span></h3> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</a></div> 
<p>The earliest French literature dates from the Middle Ages when the area that is modern France did not have a single, uniform language. There were several languages and dialects and each writer used his own spelling and grammar. The author of many French mediaeval texts is unknown, for example <a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan and Iseult</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Lancelot and the Holy Grail" class="mw-redirect">Lancelot and the Holy Grail</a>. Much mediaeval French poetry and literature was inspired by the legends of the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Roland" title="The Song of Roland">The Song of Roland</a> and the various <a href="/wiki/Chansons_de_geste" title="Chansons de geste" class="mw-redirect">Chansons de geste</a>. The “Roman de Renart”, written in 1175 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perrout_de_Saint_Cloude&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perrout de Saint Cloude (page does not exist)">Perrout de Saint Cloude</a> tells the story of the mediaeval character <a href="/wiki/Reynard" title="Reynard" class="mw-redirect">Reynard</a> ('the Fox') and is another example of early French writing. The names of some authors from this period are known, for example <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_IX_of_Aquitaine" title="William IX of Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect">Duke William IX of Aquitaine</a>, who wrote in <a href="/wiki/Occitan" title="Occitan" class="mw-redirect">Occitan</a>.</p> 
<p>An important 16th century writer was <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a> who influenced modern French vocabulary and metaphor. During the 17th century <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>'s plays, <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>'s moral and philosophical books deeply influenced the aristocracy leaving an important heritage for the authors of the following decades. <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine" title="Jean de La Fontaine">Jean de La Fontaine</a> was an important poet from this century.</p> 
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19th century poet, writer, and translator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>.</div> 
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<p>French literature and poetry flourished in the 18th and 19th centuries. The 18th century saw the works of writers, essayists and moralists such as <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Perrault" title="Charles Perrault">Charles Perrault</a> was a prolific writer of children's stories such as: “<a href="/wiki/Puss_in_Boots" title="Puss in Boots">Puss in Boots</a>”, “<a href="/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a>”, “<a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty" title="Sleeping Beauty">Sleeping Beauty</a>” and “<a href="/wiki/Bluebeard" title="Bluebeard">Bluebeard</a>”.</p> 
<p>At the turn of the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Symbolist_poetry" title="Symbolist poetry" class="mw-redirect">symbolist poetry</a> was an important movement in French literature, with poets such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a>. The 19th century saw the writing of many French novels of world renown with <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas" class="mw-redirect">Alexandre Dumas</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers" title="The Three Musketeers">The Three Musketeers</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte-Cristo" title="The Count of Monte-Cristo" class="mw-redirect">The Count of Monte-Cristo</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea" title="Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea">Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea</a></i>) among the most well-known in France and beyond. Other 19th century fiction writers include <a href="/wiki/Emile_Zola" title="Emile Zola" class="mw-redirect">Emile Zola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a>.</p> 
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a> is a French literary prize first awarded in 1903. Important writers of the 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint_Exup%C3%A9ry" title="Antoine de Saint Exupéry">Antoine de Saint Exupéry</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Prince" title="The Little Prince">Little Prince</a></i> which has remained popular for decades with children and adults around the world.</p> 
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sport">Sport</span></h3> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport in France</a></div> 
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<a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a></div> 
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<p>Popular sports include <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, both codes of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby football</a> and in certain regions <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" title="Team handball">handball</a>. France has hosted events such as the <a href="/wiki/1938_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1938 FIFA World Cup">1938</a> and <a href="/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1998 FIFA World Cup">1998 FIFA World Cups</a>, and hosted the <a href="/wiki/2007_Rugby_Union_World_Cup" title="2007 Rugby Union World Cup" class="mw-redirect">2007 Rugby Union World Cup</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stade_de_France" title="Stade de France">Stade de France</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> is the largest stadium in France and was the venue for the 1998 FIFA World Cup final, and hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup final in October 2007. France also hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a>, the most famous <a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_race" title="Road bicycle race" class="mw-redirect">road bicycle race</a> in the world. France is also famous for its <a href="/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">24 Hours of Le Mans</a> <a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">sports car</a> <a href="/wiki/Endurance_racing_(motorsport)" title="Endurance racing (motorsport)">endurance race</a> held in the <a href="/wiki/Sarthe" title="Sarthe">Sarthe</a> department. Several major <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> tournaments take place in France, including the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Masters" title="Paris Masters" class="mw-redirect">Paris Masters</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a>, one of the four <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments.</p> 
<p>France has a close association with the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Modern Olympic Games</a>; it was a French aristocrat, Baron <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin" title="Pierre de Coubertin">Pierre de Coubertin</a>, who suggested the Games' revival, at the end of the 19th century. After <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> was awarded the first Games, in reference to the Greek origins of the ancient Olympics, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> hosted the second Games <a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">in 1900</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> was also the first home of the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>, before it moved to <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>. Since that 1900 Games, France has hosted the Olympics on four further occasions: the <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Summer Olympics</a>, again in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Games</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics" title="1924 Winter Olympics">1924</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a>, <a href="/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics" title="1968 Winter Olympics">1968</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a> and <a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics" title="1992 Winter Olympics">1992</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albertville" title="Albertville">Albertville</a>).</p> 
<p>Both the <a href="/wiki/France_national_football_team" title="France national football team">national football team</a> and the <a href="/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team" title="France national rugby union team">national rugby union team</a> are nicknamed “<i>Les Bleus</i>” in reference to the team’s shirt color as well as the national French tricolor flag. The football team is among the most successful in the world, particularly at the turn of the 21st century, with one <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> victory in 1998, one FIFA World Cup second place in 2006, and two <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Football_Championship" title="UEFA European Football Championship">European Championships</a> in <a href="/wiki/1984_UEFA_European_Football_Championship" title="1984 UEFA European Football Championship" class="mw-redirect">1984</a> and <a href="/wiki/2000_UEFA_European_Football_Championship" title="2000 UEFA European Football Championship" class="mw-redirect">2000</a>. The top national football club competition is the <a href="/wiki/Ligue_1" title="Ligue 1">Ligue 1</a>. Rugby is also very popular, particularly in Paris and the southwest of France. The national rugby team has competed at every <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>, and takes part in the annual <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations Championship</a>. Following from a <a href="/wiki/Top_14" title="Top 14">strong domestic tournament</a> the French rugby team has won sixteen Six Nations Championships, including eight grand slams; and have reached the semi-finals and final of the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>.</p> 
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Marianne">Marianne</span></h3> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></div> 
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<a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></div> 
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<p><b>Marianne</b> is a symbol of the French Republic. She is an allegorical figure of liberty and the Republic and first appeared at the time of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. The earliest representations of Marianne are of a woman wearing a <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a>. The origins of the name Marianne are unknown, but Marie-Anne was a very common first name in the 18th century. Anti-revolutionaries of the time derisively called her La Gueuse (the Commoner). It is believed that revolutionaries from the South of France adopted the Phrygian cap as it symbolised liberty, having been worn by freed slaves in both Greece and Rome. Mediterranean seamen and convicts manning the galleys also wore a similar type of cap.</p> 
<p>Under the Third Republic, statues, and especially busts, of Marianne began to proliferate, particularly in town halls. She was represented in several different manners, depending on whether the aim was to emphasise her revolutionary nature or her “<a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>”. Over time, the Phrygian cap was felt to be too seditious, and was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Crown_(headgear)" title="Crown (headgear)">crown</a>. In recent times, famous French women have been used as the model for those busts. Recent ones include <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Marceau" title="Sophie Marceau">Sophie Marceau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laetitia_Casta" title="Laetitia Casta">Laetitia Casta</a>. She also features on everyday articles such as <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps" title="Postage stamps" class="mw-redirect">postage stamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coins" title="Coins" class="mw-redirect">coins</a>.</p> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="International_rankings">International rankings</span></h2> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_France" title="International rankings of France">International rankings of France</a></div> 
<ul> 
<li>Total <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>, 2007: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">5th (out of 179)</a> (<a href="/wiki/IMF" title="IMF" class="mw-redirect">IMF</a> data)</li> 
<li>Total value of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade" title="Foreign trade" class="mw-redirect">foreign trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">imports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exports" title="Exports" class="mw-redirect">exports</a>) , 2002: 4th (out of 185)</li> 
<li><a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> worldwide press freedom index 2005: Rank 35 out of 167 countries</li> 
<li><a href="http://www.transparency.org/content/download/10825/92857/version/1/file/CPI_2006_presskit_eng.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2006</a> – 18th of 163 countries</li> 
</ul> 
<div style="clear:both"></div> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> 
<div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> 
<table style="background:#f9f9f9; font-size:85%; line-height:110%;"> 
<tr> 
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="32" height="21" /></a></td> 
<td style="padding:0 0.2em;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></b></i></td> 
</tr> 
</table> 
</div> 
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline of France</a></div> 
<ul> 
<li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic imperialism</a></li> 
</ul> 
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</span></h2> 
<div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> 
<ol class="references"> 
<li id="cite_note-whole_territory-0">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whole_territory_0-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whole_territory_0-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Whole territory of the French Republic, including all the overseas departments and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory_(France)" title="Overseas territory (France)">territories</a>, but excluding the French territory of Terre Adélie in Antarctica where sovereignty is suspended since the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" title="Antarctic Treaty" class="mw-redirect">Antarctic Treaty</a> in 1959.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-IGN_figure-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IGN_figure_1-0">^</a></b> French <a href="/wiki/Institut_G%C3%A9ographique_National" title="Institut Géographique National">National Geographic Institute</a> data.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-cadastre_figure-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cadastre_figure_2-0">^</a></b> French <a href="/wiki/Land_Register" title="Land Register" class="mw-redirect">Land Register</a> data, which exclude lakes, ponds and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> larger than 1&#160;km² (0.386&#160;sq&#160;mi or 247&#160;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/INSEE" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Government of France</a>. <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&amp;ref_id=bilan-demo&amp;page=donnees-detaillees/bilan-demo/pop_age2.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Population totale par sexe et âge au 1er janvier 2009, France métropolitaine"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&amp;ref_id=bilan-demo&amp;page=donnees-detaillees/bilan-demo/pop_age2.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&amp;ref_id=bilan-demo&amp;page=donnees-detaillees/bilan-demo/pop_age2.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-01-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Population+totale+par+sexe+et+%C3%A2ge+au+1er+janvier+2009%2C+France+m%C3%A9tropolitaine&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BINSEE%5D%5D&amp;rft.aufirst=%5B%5BGovernment+of+France%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BINSEE%5D%5D%2C%26%2332%3B%5B%5BGovernment+of+France%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Fdetail.asp%3Freg_id%3D99%26ref_id%3Dbilan-demo%26page%3Ddonnees-detaillees%2Fbilan-demo%2Fpop_age2.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-population-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/INSEE" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Government of France</a>. <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=IP1220&amp;reg_id=0#inter1" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Bilan démographique 2008"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=IP1220&amp;reg_id=0#inter1" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=IP1220&amp;reg_id=0#inter1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-01-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Bilan+d%C3%A9mographique+2008&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BINSEE%5D%5D&amp;rft.aufirst=%5B%5BGovernment+of+France%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BINSEE%5D%5D%2C%26%2332%3B%5B%5BGovernment+of+France%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Fdocument.asp%3Fref_id%3DIP1220%26reg_id%3D0%23inter1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-metropolitan_France-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metropolitan_France_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metropolitan_France_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metropolitan_France_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> only.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-imf2-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&amp;ey=2009&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=132&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=70&amp;pr.y=19" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"France"</a>. International Monetary Fund<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&amp;ey=2009&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=132&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=70&amp;pr.y=19" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&amp;ey=2009&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=132&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=70&amp;pr.y=19</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-10-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=France&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2009%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fsy%3D2006%26ey%3D2009%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D132%26s%3DNGDPD%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPGDP%252CPPPPC%252CLP%26grp%3D0%26a%3D%26pr.x%3D70%26pr.y%3D19&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Human Development Report 2009</a>. The United Nations. Retrieved 5 October 2009</li> 
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> In addition to <a href="/wiki/.fr" title=".fr">.fr</a>, several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas <i>départements</i> and territories: <a href="/wiki/.re" title=".re">.re</a>, <a href="/wiki/.mq" title=".mq">.mq</a>, <a href="/wiki/.gp" title=".gp">.gp</a>, <a href="/wiki/.tf" title=".tf">.tf</a>, <a href="/wiki/.nc" title=".nc">.nc</a>, <a href="/wiki/.pf" title=".pf">.pf</a>, <a href="/wiki/.wf" title=".wf">.wf</a>, <a href="/wiki/.pm" title=".pm">.pm</a>, <a href="/wiki/.gf" title=".gf">.gf</a> and <a href="/wiki/.yt" title=".yt">.yt</a>. France also uses <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a>, shared with other members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. The <a href="/wiki/.cat" title=".cat">.cat</a> domain is used in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries" class="mw-redirect">Catalan-speaking territories</a>.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-CatTOM-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CatTOM_11-0">^</a></b> For more information, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Overseas_departments,_collectivities_and_territories_of_France" title="Category:Overseas departments, collectivities and territories of France">Category:Overseas departments, collectivities and territories of France</a>.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2195.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Field listing - GDP (official exchange rate)</a>, CIA World Factbook</li> 
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"CIA - The World Factbook - Country Comparisons - GDP (purchasing power parity)"</a>. Cia.gov<span class="printonly">. <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-04-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=CIA+-+The+World+Factbook+-+Country+Comparisons+-+GDP+%28purchasing+power+parity%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Cia.gov&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2001rank.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-tourism.stat-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tourism.stat_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tourism.stat_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.tourisme.gouv.fr/fr/z2/stat/tis/att00018288/TIS_EVE2007_2008-5.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Le tourisme international en France en 2007"</a> (PDF). Direction du Tourisme (French government's tourism agency)<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.tourisme.gouv.fr/fr/z2/stat/tis/att00018288/TIS_EVE2007_2008-5.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.tourisme.gouv.fr/fr/z2/stat/tis/att00018288/TIS_EVE2007_2008-5.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Le+tourisme+international+en+France+en+2007&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Direction+du+Tourisme+%28French+government%27s+tourism+agency%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourisme.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fz2%2Fstat%2Ftis%2Fatt00018288%2FTIS_EVE2007_2008-5.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> Elizabeth M. Hallam &amp; Judith Everard – Capetian France 937-1328, chapter 1 "The origins of Western Francia" page 7: "What did the name Francia mean in the tenth and eleventh centuries? It still retained a wide general use; both Byzantine and western writers at the time of the crusades described the western forces as Franks. But it was also taking on more specific meanings. From 911 onwards the west Frankish king was known as the <i>Rex Francorum</i> -king of the Franks- and the name Francia could be used to describe his kingdom, as it was also used by the east Frankish, or German, kingdom... The Robertines, forerunners of the Capetians, were <i>duces francorum</i>, dukes of the Franks, and their 'duchy' covered in theory most of northern France. Then as royal power contracted further, leaving the early Capetians only a small bloc of lands around Paris and Orleans, the term Francia was used for this region."</li> 
<li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> claimed that one million people (probably 1 in 4 of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>) died, another million were enslaved, 300 tribes were subjugated and 800 cities were destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Massacre of the Pure</a>. Time. April 28, 1961.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <a href="http://encarta.msn.com/text_761568934___117/France.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">France VII. — History</a>. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. <a href="http://www.webcitation.org/5kwcLOXgw" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> 2009-10-31.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> Don O'Reilly. "<a href="http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3031536.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Hundred Years' War: Joan of Arc and the Siege of Orléans</a>". <i>TheHistoryNet.com</i>.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Massacre of Saint Bartholomew’s Day</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica" class="mw-redirect">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/09/travel/vive-la-contre-revolution.html?sec=travel" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Vive la Contre-Revolution!</a>. The New York Times. July 9, 1989.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5001329960" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Napoleon and German identity</a>. Magazine article by Tim Blanning; History Today, Vol. 48, April 1998.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">France's oldest WWI veteran dies</a>. BBC News. January 20, 2008.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html?_r=1" class="external text" rel="nofollow">In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War</a>. The New York Times. March 4, 2009.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> Sovereignty claims in Antarctica are governed by the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> 
<li id="cite_note-area-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-area_26-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/CIA" title="CIA" class="mw-redirect">CIA</a> (2007). <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"The World Factbook"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-12-06</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BCIA%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BCIA%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Ffr.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-elevation-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elevation_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elevation_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/CIA" title="CIA" class="mw-redirect">CIA</a> (2006). <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2020.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"The World Factbook: Field Listing - Elevation extremes"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2020.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2020.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-12-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook%3A+Field+Listing+-+Elevation+extremes&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BCIA%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BCIA%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2020.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)">French Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>. <a href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/france_829/decouvrir-france_4177/france-bref_2271/index.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"La France en bref"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/france_829/decouvrir-france_4177/france-bref_2271/index.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/france_829/decouvrir-france_4177/france-bref_2271/index.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=La+France+en+bref&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BMinister+of+Foreign+Affairs+%28France%29%7CFrench+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BMinister+of+Foreign+Affairs+%28France%29%7CFrench+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Ffrance_829%2Fdecouvrir-france_4177%2Ffrance-bref_2271%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-Pew-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_29-0">^</a></b> According to a different calculation cited by the <a href="http://pewresearch.org/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Pew Research Center</a>, the EEZ of France would be 10,084,201&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (3,893,532&#160;sq&#160;mi), still behind the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (12,174,629&#160;km<sup>2</sup>/4,700,651&#160;sq&#160;mi), and still ahead of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (8,980,568&#160;km<sup>2</sup>/3,467,417&#160;sq&#160;mi) and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (7,566,673&#160;km<sup>2</sup>/2,921,509&#160;sq&#160;mi).</li> 
<li id="cite_note-climate-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-climate_30-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> (2005). <a href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/discovering-france_2005/france-from-to-z_1978/country_2004/geography_4405/geography_1507.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Discovering France: Geography"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/discovering-france_2005/france-from-to-z_1978/country_2004/geography_4405/geography_1507.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/discovering-france_2005/france-from-to-z_1978/country_2004/geography_4405/geography_1507.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-12-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Discovering+France%3A+Geography&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BMinister+of+Foreign+Affairs+%28France%29%7CMinistry+of+Foreign+Affairs%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BMinister+of+Foreign+Affairs+%28France%29%7CMinistry+of+Foreign+Affairs%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Fen%2Ffrance_159%2Fdiscovering-france_2005%2Ffrance-from-to-z_1978%2Fcountry_2004%2Fgeography_4405%2Fgeography_1507.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-Senat-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Senat_31-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.senat.fr/role/index.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Rôle et fonctionnement du Sénat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/French_Senate" title="French Senate" class="mw-redirect">French Senate</a>. 2006<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.senat.fr/role/index.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.senat.fr/role/index.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-04-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=R%C3%B4le+et+fonctionnement+du+S%C3%A9nat&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BFrench+Senate%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.fr%2Frole%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/summary.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Comparison of recognised and alleged nuclear powers</a>.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.meretmarine.com/article.cfm?id=958" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"La marine chinoise accède au rang de 3ème puissance mondiale"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.meretmarine.com/article.cfm?id=958" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.meretmarine.com/article.cfm?id=958</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=La+marine+chinoise+acc%C3%A8de+au+rang+de+3%C3%A8me+puissance+mondiale&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meretmarine.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3D958&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> L'automobile magazine, hors-série 2003/2004 page 294</li> 
<li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.ademe.fr/particuliers/Fiches/voiture/rub3.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Guide pratique de l' ADEME, la voiture"</a>. Ademe.fr<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.ademe.fr/particuliers/Fiches/voiture/rub3.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.ademe.fr/particuliers/Fiches/voiture/rub3.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-10-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Guide+pratique+de+l%27+ADEME%2C+la+voiture&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Ademe.fr&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ademe.fr%2Fparticuliers%2FFiches%2Fvoiture%2Frub3.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.invest-in-france.org/uk/en/World-s-5th-Largest-Economy.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"World's 5th Largest Economy"</a>. Invest in France Agency<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.invest-in-france.org/uk/en/World-s-5th-Largest-Economy.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.invest-in-france.org/uk/en/World-s-5th-Largest-Economy.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=World%27s+5th+Largest+Economy&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Invest+in+France+Agency&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.invest-in-france.org%2Fuk%2Fen%2FWorld-s-5th-Largest-Economy.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF09203" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Entreprises selon le nombre de salariés et l'activité"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/INSEE" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>. July 2008<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF09203" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF09203</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Entreprises+selon+le+nombre+de+salari%C3%A9s+et+l%27activit%C3%A9&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=July+2008&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BINSEE%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Ftableau.asp%3Freg_id%3D0%26ref_id%3DNATTEF09203&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF9303" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Entreprises publiques selon l'activité économique"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/INSEE" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>. March 2009<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF9303" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF9303</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Entreprises+publiques+selon+l%27activit%C3%A9+%C3%A9conomique&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=March+2009&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BINSEE%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Ftableau.asp%3Freg_id%3D0%26ref_id%3DNATTEF9303&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-CIAWorldFactbook-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWorldFactbook_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWorldFactbook_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWorldFactbook_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWorldFactbook_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html#Econ" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Economy&#160;: France - overview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" title="CIA" class="mw-redirect">CIA</a>. 2009<span class="printonly">. <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html#Econ" class="external free" rel="nofollow">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html#Econ</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Economy+%3A+France+-+overview&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+World+Factbook%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BCIA%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Ffr.html%23Econ&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2008_e/its2008_e.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"International Trade Statistics 2008"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WTO" title="WTO" class="mw-redirect">WTO</a>. 2009. p. 12<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2008_e/its2008_e.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2008_e/its2008_e.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=International+Trade+Statistics+2008&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pages=p.+12&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BWTO%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fres_e%2Fstatis_e%2Fits2008_e%2Fits2008_e.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-FDI-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDI_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDI_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.unctad.org/sections/dite_dir/docs/wir09_fs_fr_en.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Country fact sheet: France"</a>. <i>World Investment Report 2009</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNCTAD" title="UNCTAD" class="mw-redirect">UNCTAD</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.unctad.org/sections/dite_dir/docs/wir09_fs_fr_en.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.unctad.org/sections/dite_dir/docs/wir09_fs_fr_en.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Country+fact+sheet%3A+France&amp;rft.atitle=World+Investment+Report+2009&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUNCTAD%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unctad.org%2Fsections%2Fdite_dir%2Fdocs%2Fwir09_fs_fr_en.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-FDI2-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDI2_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDI2_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.unctad.org/sections/dite_dir/docs/wir09_fs_jp_en.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Country fact sheet: Japan"</a>. <i>World Investment Report 2009</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNCTAD" title="UNCTAD" class="mw-redirect">UNCTAD</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.unctad.org/sections/dite_dir/docs/wir09_fs_jp_en.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.unctad.org/sections/dite_dir/docs/wir09_fs_jp_en.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Country+fact+sheet%3A+Japan&amp;rft.atitle=World+Investment+Report+2009&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUNCTAD%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unctad.org%2Fsections%2Fdite_dir%2Fdocs%2Fwir09_fs_jp_en.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/air_co2_emissions.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"CO2 emissions per capita in 2006"</a>. <i>Environmental Indicators</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. August 2009<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/air_co2_emissions.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/air_co2_emissions.htm</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=CO2+emissions+per+capita+in+2006&amp;rft.atitle=Environmental+Indicators&amp;rft.date=August+2009&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUnited+Nations%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fenvironment%2Fair_co2_emissions.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">DGEMP / Observatoire de l'énergie (April 2007). <a href="http://www.industrie.gouv.fr/energie/statisti/se_elec.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Électricité en France: les principaux résultats en 2006"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.industrie.gouv.fr/energie/statisti/se_elec.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.industrie.gouv.fr/energie/statisti/se_elec.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-05-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9+en+France%3A+les+principaux+r%C3%A9sultats+en+2006&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=DGEMP+%2F+Observatoire+de+l%27%C3%A9nergie&amp;rft.au=DGEMP+%2F+Observatoire+de+l%27%C3%A9nergie&amp;rft.date=April+2007&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.industrie.gouv.fr%2Fenergie%2Fstatisti%2Fse_elec.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/economy_6815/overview-of-the-french-economy_6831/key-figures-of-the-french-economy_1402.html#sommaire_1" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Key figures of the French economy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)">French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/economy_6815/overview-of-the-french-economy_6831/key-figures-of-the-french-economy_1402.html#sommaire_1" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/economy_6815/overview-of-the-french-economy_6831/key-figures-of-the-french-economy_1402.html#sommaire_1</a></span>. "France is the world’s fifth largest exporter of goods (mainly durables). The country ranks fourth in services and third in agriculture (especially in cereals and the agri-food sector). It is the leading producer and exporter of farm products in Europe."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Key+figures+of+the+French+economy&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BMinister+of+Foreign+Affairs+%28France%29%7CFrench+Ministry+of+Foreign+and+European+Affairs%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Fen%2Ffrance_159%2Feconomy_6815%2Foverview-of-the-french-economy_6831%2Fkey-figures-of-the-french-economy_1402.html%23sommaire_1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/fin/directaid/2007/annex1_en.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Financial year 2007"</a>. <i>Distribution of direct aid to farmers</i>. <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. 22 April 2009<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/fin/directaid/2007/annex1_en.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/fin/directaid/2007/annex1_en.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Financial+year+2007&amp;rft.atitle=Distribution+of+direct+aid+to+farmers&amp;rft.date=22+April+2009&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BEuropean+Commission%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fagriculture%2Ffin%2Fdirectaid%2F2007%2Fannex1_en.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Rank Order - GDP - per capita (PPP)"</a>. The World Factbook. 2008<span class="printonly">. <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Rank+Order+-+GDP+-+per+capita+%28PPP%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pub=The+World+Factbook&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2004rank.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-Labour2003-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Labour2003_48-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><i>OECD in Figures</i> 2005, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (2005). <a href="http://ocde.p4.siteinternet.com/publications/doifiles/012005061G006.xls" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Labour productivity 2003"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a>)<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://ocde.p4.siteinternet.com/publications/doifiles/012005061G006.xls" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://ocde.p4.siteinternet.com/publications/doifiles/012005061G006.xls</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-04-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Labour+productivity+2003&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%27%27OECD+in+Figures%27%27+2005%2C+%5B%5BOrganisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%27%27OECD+in+Figures%27%27+2005%2C+%5B%5BOrganisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focde.p4.siteinternet.com%2Fpublications%2Fdoifiles%2F012005061G006.xls&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span>&#160;; in 2004, the GDP per hour worked in France was $48, ranking France above the United States ($46.3), Germany ($42.1), the United Kingdom ($39.6), or Japan ($32.5) (<span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (2005). <a href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/30/40/29867116.xls" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Differentials in GDP per capita and their decomposition, 2004"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a>)<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/30/40/29867116.xls" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/30/40/29867116.xls</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-04-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Differentials+in+GDP+per+capita+and+their+decomposition%2C+2004&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BOrganisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BOrganisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdataoecd%2F30%2F40%2F29867116.xls&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span>)</li> 
<li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <i>Objectif croissance 2008</i>, OCDE, February 2008, page 67&#160;; graphic visible in the <a href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/44/19/40212481.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Summary page 8</a>; effective annual working duration in France is 1580 hours, compared to 1750 for developed countries</li> 
<li id="cite_note-Employment2004-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Employment2004_50-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (2005). <a href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/36/30/35024561.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"OECD Employment Outlook 2005 - Statistical Annex"</a> (PDF)<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/36/30/35024561.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/36/30/35024561.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-06-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=OECD+Employment+Outlook+2005+-+Statistical+Annex&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BOrganisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BOrganisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdataoecd%2F36%2F30%2F35024561.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/INSEE" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> (2008). <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=98&amp;ref_id=CMPECF03159" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Taux d'emploi des travailleurs âgés de 55 à 64 ans"</a> (in French)<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=98&amp;ref_id=CMPECF03159" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=98&amp;ref_id=CMPECF03159</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-09-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Taux+d%27emploi+des+travailleurs+%C3%A2g%C3%A9s+de+55+%C3%A0+64+ans&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BINSEE%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BINSEE%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Ftableau.asp%3Freg_id%3D98%26ref_id%3DCMPECF03159&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/INSEE" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> (2008). <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=98&amp;ref_id=CMPTEF03135" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Taux d'emploi des jeunes de 15 à 24 ans dans l'Union européenne"</a> (in French)<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=98&amp;ref_id=CMPTEF03135" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=98&amp;ref_id=CMPTEF03135</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-09-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Taux+d%27emploi+des+jeunes+de+15+%C3%A0+24+ans+dans+l%27Union+europ%C3%A9enne&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BINSEE%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BINSEE%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Ftableau.asp%3Freg_id%3D98%26ref_id%3DCMPTEF03135&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Aghion" title="Philippe Aghion">Philippe Aghion</a>; Gilbert Cette, Élie Cohen and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Pisani-Ferry" title="Jean Pisani-Ferry">Jean Pisani-Ferry</a> (2007). <a href="http://www.cae.gouv.fr/rapports/dl/072.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Les leviers de la croissance française"</a> (in French) (PDF). Conseil d'analyse économique. p. 55<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.cae.gouv.fr/rapports/dl/072.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.cae.gouv.fr/rapports/dl/072.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-09-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Les+leviers+de+la+croissance+fran%C3%A7aise&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Philippe+Aghion&amp;rft.au=Philippe+Aghion&amp;rft.au=Gilbert+Cette%2C+%C3%89lie+Cohen+and+%5B%5BJean+Pisani-Ferry%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pages=p.+55&amp;rft.pub=Conseil+d%27analyse+%C3%A9conomique&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cae.gouv.fr%2Frapports%2Fdl%2F072.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2007doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT00002ECA/$FILE/JT03230693.PDF" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Enhancing Incentives to Improve Performances in the Education System in France"</a> (PDF). OECD. 1 August 2007<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2007doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT00002ECA/$FILE/JT03230693.PDF" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2007doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT00002ECA/$FILE/JT03230693.PDF</a></span>. "Initial education, especially secondary education and the universities, along with labour market policies themselves, do not always succeed in improving labour market entry for a significant proportion of young people."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Enhancing+Incentives+to+Improve+Performances+in+the+Education+System+in+France&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=1+August+2007&amp;rft.pub=OECD&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olis.oecd.org%2Folis%2F2007doc.nsf%2FLinkTo%2FNT00002ECA%2F%24FILE%2FJT03230693.PDF&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/35/40904315.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Employment Outlook 2008 – How does FRANCE compare?"</a> (PDF). OECD<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/35/40904315.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/35/40904315.pdf</a></span>. "Only 38% of people aged 55 to 64 are working, 15.5 percentage points less than the OECD average."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Employment+Outlook+2008+%E2%80%93+How+does+FRANCE+compare%3F&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=OECD&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdataoecd%2F42%2F35%2F40904315.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/1672/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"France: Jobs and older workers"</a>. OECD Observer<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/1672/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/1672/</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=France%3A+Jobs+and+older+workers&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=OECD+Observer&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecdobserver.org%2Fnews%2Ffullstory.php%2Faid%2F1672%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/INSEE" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> (2008). <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=99&amp;ref_id=CMRSOS03311" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Taux de chômage&#160;; France métropolitaine"</a> (in French)<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=99&amp;ref_id=CMRSOS03311" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=99&amp;ref_id=CMRSOS03311</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-09-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Taux+de+ch%C3%B4mage+%3B+France+m%C3%A9tropolitaine&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BINSEE%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BINSEE%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Ftableau.asp%3Freg_id%3D99%26ref_id%3DCMRSOS03311&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-58"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/INSEE" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> (2008). <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=98&amp;ref_id=CMPTEF03309" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Chômage dans l'Union européenne"</a> (in French)<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=98&amp;ref_id=CMPTEF03309" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=98&amp;ref_id=CMPTEF03309</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-09-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Ch%C3%B4mage+dans+l%27Union+europ%C3%A9enne&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BINSEE%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BINSEE%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Ftableau.asp%3Freg_id%3D98%26ref_id%3DCMPTEF03309&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-59"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b> <a href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=teilm020&amp;tableSelection=1&amp;plugin=1" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Harmonised unemployment rate by gender - total -&#160;% (SA)</a>. Eurostat.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/deps/mini_chiff_03/fr/musee.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Musées et Monuments historiques"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/deps/mini_chiff_03/fr/musee.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/deps/mini_chiff_03/fr/musee.htm</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Mus%C3%A9es+et+Monuments+historiques&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.culture.gouv.fr%2Fdeps%2Fmini_chiff_03%2Ffr%2Fmusee.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/INSEE" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Government of France</a>. <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/irweb/sd2006/dd/excel/sd2006_t44_fe.xls" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Tableau 44 - Taux de fécondité générale par âge de la mère"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/irweb/sd2006/dd/excel/sd2006_t44_fe.xls" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/irweb/sd2006/dd/excel/sd2006_t44_fe.xls</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-01-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Tableau+44+-+Taux+de+f%C3%A9condit%C3%A9+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+par+%C3%A2ge+de+la+m%C3%A8re&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BINSEE%5D%5D&amp;rft.aufirst=%5B%5BGovernment+of+France%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BINSEE%5D%5D%2C%26%2332%3B%5B%5BGovernment+of+France%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fppp%2Fbases-de-donnees%2Firweb%2Fsd2006%2Fdd%2Fexcel%2Fsd2006_t44_fe.xls&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-62"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/countrydata/data.cfm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Inflow of third-country nationals by country of nationality"</a>. 2004<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/countrydata/data.cfm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/countrydata/data.cfm</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Inflow+of+third-country+nationals+by+country+of+nationality&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationinformation.org%2Fdatahub%2Fcountrydata%2Fdata.cfm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/France_Elections050307.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Immigration and the 2007 French Presidential Elections"</a> (PDF)<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/France_Elections050307.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/France_Elections050307.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Immigration+and+the+2007+French+Presidential+Elections&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Fpubs%2FFrance_Elections050307.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-Oppenheimer-64"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oppenheimer_64-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Oppenheimer, David B. (2008). <a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1236362" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Why France needs to collect data on racial identity...in a French way"</a>. <i>Hastings International and Comparative Law Review</i> <b>31</b> (2): 735–752<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1236362" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1236362</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Why+France+needs+to+collect+data+on+racial+identity...in+a+French+way&amp;rft.jtitle=Hastings+International+and+Comparative+Law+Review&amp;rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&amp;rft.aufirst=David+B.&amp;rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+B.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=735%E2%80%93752&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1236362&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A12396-2005Apr23.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Europe's Minority Politicians in Short Supply</a>. The Washington Post. April 24, 2005.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-66"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0112/p01s04-woeu.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">In officially colorblind France, blacks have a dream - and now a lobby</a>. Csmonitor.com. January 12, 2007.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-67"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b> <a href="http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=1280843" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Paris Riots in Perspective</a>. ABC News. November 4, 2005.</li> 
<li id="cite_note-INSEE1-68"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INSEE1_68-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">INSEE (2005-01-25). <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/ipweb/ip1098/ip1098.html#encadre1" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Enquêtes annuelles de recensement 2004 et 2005"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/ipweb/ip1098/ip1098.html#encadre1" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/ipweb/ip1098/ip1098.html#encadre1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-12-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Enqu%C3%AAtes+annuelles+de+recensement+2004+et+2005&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=INSEE&amp;rft.au=INSEE&amp;rft.date=2005-01-25&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fffc%2Fipweb%2Fip1098%2Fip1098.html%23encadre1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-UNHCR-69"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNHCR_69-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/UNHCR" title="UNHCR" class="mw-redirect">UNHCR</a> (2006). <a href="http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/4492677f0.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"UNHCR Global Report 2005: Western Europe"</a> (PDF)<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/4492677f0.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/4492677f0.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-12-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=UNHCR+Global+Report+2005%3A+Western+Europe&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BUNHCR%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BUNHCR%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fpubl%2FPUBL%2F4492677f0.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-70"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.anu.edu.au/NEC/Archive/Jeanjean_paper.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Jeanjean, Henri. “Language Diversity in Europe: Can the EU Prevent the Genocide of French Linguistic Minorities?”"</a> (PDF)<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.anu.edu.au/NEC/Archive/Jeanjean_paper.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.anu.edu.au/NEC/Archive/Jeanjean_paper.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Jeanjean%2C+Henri.+%E2%80%9CLanguage+Diversity+in+Europe%3A+Can+the+EU+Prevent+the+Genocide+of+French+Linguistic+Minorities%3F%E2%80%9D&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anu.edu.au%2FNEC%2FArchive%2FJeanjean_paper.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-71"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Catholic World News (2003). <a href="http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=48547" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"France is no longer Catholic, survey shows"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=48547" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=48547</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-12-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=France+is+no+longer+Catholic%2C+survey+shows&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Catholic+World+News&amp;rft.au=Catholic+World+News&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Findex.cfm%3Frecnum%3D48547&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-religion-72"><b><a href="#cite_ref-religion_72-0">^</a></b> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Romanian)</span> <a href="http://www.cotidianul.ro/franta_nu_mai_e_o_tara_catolica-20395.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Franţa nu mai e o ţară catolică</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cotidianul" title="Cotidianul">Cotidianul</a></i> 2007-01-11</li> 
<li id="cite_note-73"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b> La Vie, issue 3209, 2007-03-01 <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-74"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EUROBAROMETER_74-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005 – page 11"</a> (PDF)<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-05-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Eurobarometer+on+Social+Values%2C+Science+and+technology+2005+%E2%80%93+page+11&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_225_report_en.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-75"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.harrisinteractive.com/news/allnewsbydate.asp?NewsID=1131" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Religious Views and Beliefs Vary Greatly by Country</a>, Financial Times/Harris Poll, December 2006</li> 
<li id="cite_note-76"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/apr/23/france.islam" class="external text" rel="nofollow">France to train imams in 'French Islam'</a>, The Guardian</li> 
<li id="cite_note-77"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51552.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"France - International Religious Freedom Report 2005"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51552.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51552.htm</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=France+-+International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2005&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2005%2F51552.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-78"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Commission d’enquête sur les sectes"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Commission+d%E2%80%99enqu%C3%AAte+sur+les+sectes&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assemblee-nationale.fr%2Frap-enq%2Fr2468.asp&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-79"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.understandfrance.org/France/Society2.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Society2&#160;; religion in France&#160;; beliefs&#160;; secularism (laicité)"</a>. Understandfrance.org<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.understandfrance.org/France/Society2.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.understandfrance.org/France/Society2.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-09-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Society2+%3B+religion+in+France+%3B+beliefs+%3B+secularism+%28laicit%C3%A9%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Understandfrance.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandfrance.org%2FFrance%2FSociety2.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-80"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/healthranks.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"the ranking, see spreadsheet details for a whole analysis"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/healthranks.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.photius.com/rankings/healthranks.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=the+ranking%2C+see+spreadsheet+details+for+a+whole+analysis&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photius.com%2Frankings%2Fhealthranks.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-81"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"CIA – The World Factbook – France"</a>. CIA<span class="printonly">. <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+France&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=CIA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Ffr.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-82"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://epaedia.eea.europa.eu/page.php?pid=502" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"EEA.Europa.eu"</a>. Epaedia.eea.europa.eu<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://epaedia.eea.europa.eu/page.php?pid=502" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://epaedia.eea.europa.eu/page.php?pid=502</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-10-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=EEA.Europa.eu&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Epaedia.eea.europa.eu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaedia.eea.europa.eu%2Fpage.php%3Fpid%3D502&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-83"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/21/euthanasia.debate.ap/index.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"France searches its soul after euthanasia plea woman dies"</a>. CNN.com<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/21/euthanasia.debate.ap/index.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/21/euthanasia.debate.ap/index.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=France+searches+its+soul+after+euthanasia+plea+woman+dies&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=CNN.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F03%2F21%2Feuthanasia.debate.ap%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:France"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> 
<li id="cite_note-84"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b> Claude Lébedel – Les Splendeurs du Baroque en France: <i>Histoire et splendeurs du baroque en France</i> page 9: “Si en allant plus loin, on prononce les mots ‘art baroque en France’, on provoque alors le plus souvent une moue interrogative, parfois seulement étonnée, parfois franchement réprobatrice: Mais voyons, l'art baroque n'existe pas en France!”</li> 
</ol> 
</div> 
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> 
<div class="infobox sisterproject" style="font-size: 90%; padding: .5em 1em 1em 1em;"> 
<div style="text-align:center;"> 
<p>Find more about <b>France</b> on Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</p> 
</div> 
<a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/France" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="Search Wiktionary" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="25" height="27" /></a> <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/France" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/France">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary<br /> 
<a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/France" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="Search Wikibooks" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="25" /></a> <a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/France" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/France">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks<br /> 
<a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/France" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="Search Wikiquote" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/25px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="30" /></a> <a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/France" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/France">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote<br /> 
<a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/France" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="Search Wikisource" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/25px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="26" /></a> <a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/France" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/France">Source texts</a> from Wikisource<br /> 
<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France" title="Search Commons"><img alt="Search Commons" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="34" /></a> <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/France">Images and media</a> from Commons<br /> 
<a href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/France" title="Search Wikinews"><img alt="Search Wikinews" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="14" /></a> <a href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/France" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/France">News stories</a> from Wikinews<br /> 
<a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/France" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="Search Wikiversity" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg.png" width="25" height="23" /></a> <a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/France" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/France">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity<br /></div> 
<dl> 
<dt>Government</dt> 
</dl> 
<ul> 
<li><a href="http://www.service-public.fr/etranger/english.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Official site of the French public service</a> – Links to various administrations and institutions</li> 
<li><a href="http://www.frenchculturenow.com/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Frenchculturenow.com: French society, culture, politics news</a></li> 
<li><a href="http://www.ambafrance-uk.org/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Official site of the French Embassy in the United Kingdom</a></li> 
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-f/france.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li> 
</ul> 
<dl> 
<dt>Culture</dt> 
</dl> 
<ul> 
<li><a href="http://cocorico.com/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Cocorico! French culture</a></li> 
<li><a href="http://www.french.uiuc.edu/cfc/" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>Contemporary French Civilization</i></a>, journal, University of Illinois.</li> 
</ul> 
<dl> 
<dt>General</dt> 
</dl> 
<ul> 
<li><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/998481.stm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">France</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> 
<li><a href="http://www.britannica.com/tools/France" class="external text" rel="nofollow">France</a>, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> 
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">France</a> entry at <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i></li> 
<li><a href="http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/france.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">France</a> at <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li> 
<li><a href="http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/France/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">France</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Open_Directory_Project" title="Open Directory Project">Open Directory Project</a></li> 
<li><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_France" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of France">Wikimedia Atlas of France</a></li> 
<li><a href="http://wikitravel.org/en/France" class="extiw" title="wikitravel:France">France travel guide</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wikitravel" title="Wikitravel">Wikitravel</a></li> 
<li><a href="http://stats.oecd.org/WBOS/Index.aspx?QueryId=14594" class="external text" rel="nofollow">OECD France statistics</a></li> 
</ul> 
<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a href="http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=France&amp;params=47_N_2_E_type:country_region:FR" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°N</span> <span class="longitude">2°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">﻿ / ﻿</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47°N 2°E</span><span style="display:none">﻿ / <span class="geo">47; 2</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> 
<p><br /></p> 
<table class="navbox" style="width: 80%; font-size:95%; margin:0.5em auto;"> 
<tr> 
<td width="5%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Compass_rose_pale-50x50.png" width="50" height="50" /></td> 
<td width="30%" style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a> •</i> <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><br /> 
<i><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></i> • <small><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></small></td> 
<td width="30%" style="text-align: center;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> • <i><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></i><br /> 
<i><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Dover" title="Strait of Dover">Strait of Dover</a></i> • <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> 
<td width="30%" style="text-align: center;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> • <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/22px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a><br /> 
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> 
<td width="5%" style="text-align: center; padding: 0px;" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Compass_rose_pale-50x50.png" width="50" height="50" /></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td width="30%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="3"><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></i></td> 
<td width="30%" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/File:North.svg" class="image" title="North"><img alt="North" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/17px-North.svg.png" width="17" height="17" /></a></td> 
<td width="30%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" width="20" height="20" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td width="30%" style="text-align: center;" nowrap="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/File:West.svg" class="image" title="West"><img alt="West" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/17px-West.svg.png" width="17" height="17" /></a>&#160;&#160; <b><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">France</a></b> &#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/File:East.svg" class="image" title="East"><img alt="East" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/East.svg/17px-East.svg.png" width="17" height="17" /></a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td width="30%" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/File:South.svg" class="image" title="South"><img alt="South" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/17px-South.svg.png" width="17" height="17" /></a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td width="30%" style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a> •</i> <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> 
<td width="30%" style="text-align: center;"><small><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></small> • <i><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></i><br /> 
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> • <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td> 
<td width="30%" style="text-align: center;"><small><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/22px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" width="22" height="18" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></small> • <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><br /> 
<i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></i></td> 
</tr> 
</table> 
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<tr> 
<td style="padding:2px;"> 
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> 
<tr> 
<th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"> 
<div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;">&#160;</div> 
<span class="" style="font-size:110%;">Articles Related to France</span></th> 
</tr> 
<tr style="height:2px;"> 
<td></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px;font-size:111%;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> 
<div style="padding:0px;"> 
<table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"> 
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<td style="padding:2px;"> 
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> 
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<th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"> 
<div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;">&#160;</div> 
<span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg" class="image"><img alt="Gnome-globe.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/25px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" width="25" height="25" /></a><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span>Geographic locale</span></th> 
</tr> 
<tr style="height:2px;"> 
<td></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px;font-size:111%;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> 
<div style="padding:0px;"> 
<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a href="http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=France&amp;params=47_N_2_E_type:country_region:FR" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°N</span> <span class="longitude">2°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">﻿ / ﻿</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47°N 2°E</span><span style="display:none">﻿ / <span class="geo">47; 2</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> 
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<div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> 
<div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Europe" title="Template:Countries of Europe"><span title="View this template" style=";;border:none;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Countries of Europe"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;border:none;">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_of_Europe&amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;border:none;;">e</span></a></div> 
</div> 
<span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries" title="List of European countries">Countries</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></span></th> 
</tr> 
<tr style="height:2px;"> 
<td></td> 
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<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> 
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<p><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup><small>2</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup><small>2</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><sup><small>3</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <strong class="selflink">France</strong><sup><small>1</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a><sup><small>5</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a><sup><small>4</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a><sup><small>3</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><sup><small>3</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><sup><small>3</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span><sup><small>3</small></sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></span></p> 
<p><small><sup>1</sup>&#160;Has <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent" title="List of countries spanning more than one continent">part of its territory</a> outside Europe.&#160; <sup>2</sup>&#160;Entirely in <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> but having socio-political connections with Europe.&#160; <sup>3</sup>&#160;Has <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependencies</a> or similar territories outside Europe. <sup>4</sup>&#160;Name disputed by Greece; see <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a>. <sup>5</sup>&#160;<a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">Declared independence</a> from Serbia on February 17, 2008 and is recognised by <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">65</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_member_states" title="List of United Nations member states">United Nations member states</a>.</small></p> 
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<span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries_and_territories" title="List of North American countries and territories">Countries</a> and dependencies of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></span></th> 
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<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><i>Several nations listed here straddle both North and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> or can also be considered <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.</i></td> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></td> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><strong class="selflink">France</strong> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>&#160;<b>·</b></small></span> <small><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>)</span></small><span style="white-space:nowrap">&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">St.&#160;Lucia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></td> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></div> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></div> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><strong class="selflink">France</strong></div> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_(France)" title="Saint Martin (France)">Saint Martin</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton</a></span></div> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a></span></div> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></span></div> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></span></div> 
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<span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_and_territories" title="List of South American countries and territories">Countries of South America</a></span></th> 
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<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";padding:0.4em 0 0.2em; line-height:1.2em;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent" title="List of countries spanning more than one continent">Countries and territories also in</a> or commonly reckoned to be elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> shown in <i>italics</i></td> 
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<td style="width:0%;padding:0px 2px 0px 0px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/File:South_America.svg" class="image" title="South America"><img alt="South America" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/South_America.svg/55px-South_America.svg.png" width="55" height="74" /></a></td> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></b><br /> 
<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></i>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a><br /> 
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<b><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></b><br /> 
<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>&#160;/</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</small>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></i>&#160;/</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>)</small><br /> 
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<b><a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" title="Overseas department">Overseas department</a></b><br /> 
<a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> <small>(<strong class="selflink">France</strong>)</small></span></div> 
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<div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><span title="View this template" style=";;border:none;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;border:none;">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_of_Africa&amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;border:none;;">e</span></a></div> 
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<span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_and_territories" title="List of African countries and territories">Countries</a> and territories of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></span></th> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";background:transparent; text-align:left;;"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationWesternAfrica.png" class="image" title="Map indicating Western Africa"><img alt="Map indicating Western Africa" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/LocationWesternAfrica.png/40px-LocationWesternAfrica.png" width="40" height="44" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:West_Africa" title="Category:West Africa">West Africa</a></td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></span></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";background:transparent; text-align:left;;background:#f7f7f7;"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationNorthernAfrica.png" class="image" title="Map indicating Northern Africa"><img alt="Map indicating Northern Africa" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/LocationNorthernAfrica.png/40px-LocationNorthernAfrica.png" width="40" height="44" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:North_Africa" title="Category:North Africa">North Africa</a></td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></i>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></span></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";background:transparent; text-align:left;;"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png" class="image" title="Map indicating Central Africa"><img alt="Map indicating Central Africa" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png/40px-LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png" width="40" height="44" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Central_Africa" title="Category:Central Africa">Central Africa</a></td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></span></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";background:transparent; text-align:left;;background:#f7f7f7;"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationEasternAfrica.png" class="image" title="Map indicating Eastern Africa"><img alt="Map indicating Eastern Africa" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/LocationEasternAfrica.png/40px-LocationEasternAfrica.png" width="40" height="44" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:East_Africa" title="Category:East Africa">East Africa</a></td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></span></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";background:transparent; text-align:left;;"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationSouthernAfrica.png" class="image" title="Map indicating Southern Africa"><img alt="Map indicating Southern Africa" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/LocationSouthernAfrica.png/40px-LocationSouthernAfrica.png" width="40" height="44" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Southern_Africa" title="Category:Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a></span></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";background:transparent; text-align:left;;background:#f7f7f7;"><span style="padding-left: 40px;">&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent#Non-contiguous" title="List of countries spanning more than one continent">Partially in Africa</a></td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><strong class="selflink">France</strong> <small>(<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>)</small>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a>)</small>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>)</small>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>)</small>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a>)</small></span></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";background:transparent; text-align:left;;background:#f7f7f7;"><span style="padding-left: 40px;">&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iles_Eparses" title="Iles Eparses" class="mw-redirect">Iles Eparses</a> <small>(<strong class="selflink">France</strong>)</small>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> <small>(<strong class="selflink">France</strong>)</small>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>)</small></span></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";background:transparent; text-align:left;;"><span style="padding-left: 40px;">&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_disputes" title="List of territorial disputes">Disputed areas</a></td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></span></div> 
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<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";padding:0.3em 0 0.1em; line-height:1.3em;" colspan="2"><i>Italics</i> indicate an <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">unrecognised or partially recognised state</a>.</td> 
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<table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"> 
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<th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"> 
<div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> 
<div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><span title="View this template" style=";;border:none;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Oceania"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;border:none;">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania&amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;border:none;;">e</span></a></div> 
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<span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_and_territories" title="List of Oceanian countries and territories">Countries and territories of</a> <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></span></th> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";text-align:left;;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></span></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";text-align:left;;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br /> 
other <a href="/wiki/Territory_(administrative_division)" title="Territory (administrative division)">territories</a></td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:6em;;"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></div> 
</td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></span></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:6em;;"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><strong class="selflink">France</strong></div> 
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<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></span></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:6em;;"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></div> 
</td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></span></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:6em;;"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></div> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">U.S. Minor Islands</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></span></div> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></div> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></div> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></div> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a></div> 
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<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";padding:0.2em 0; line-height:1.4em;" colspan="2"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent" title="List of countries spanning more than one continent">Transcontinental country</a></span></td> 
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<div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> 
<div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template:Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea"><span title="View this template" style=";;border:none;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;border:none;">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Mediterranean_Sea&amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;border:none;;">e</span></a></div> 
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<span class="" style="font-size:110%;">Countries and territories bordering the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></span></th> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Bosnia-Herzegovina" title="Bosnia-Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>&#160;• <strong class="selflink">France</strong>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority" class="mw-redirect">Palestinian Authority</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri&#160;/ Dhekelia</a></div> 
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<span class="" style="font-size:110%;">France in the European Union</span></th> 
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<div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> 
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<span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_State_of_the_European_Union" title="Member State of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></span></th> 
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<p><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><strong class="selflink">France</strong>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></p> 
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<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2">Member states by: <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_political_system" title="List of European Union member states by political system">political system</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union#Economic_variation" title="Economy of the European Union">GDP</a></td> 
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<div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;">&#160;</div> 
<span class="" style="font-size:110%;">International organisations</span></th> 
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<div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> 
<div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:G8_nations" title="Template:G8 nations"><span title="View this template" style=";;border:none;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G8_nations" title="Template talk:G8 nations"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;border:none;">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:G8_nations&amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;border:none;;">e</span></a></div> 
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<span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">Group of Eight (G8)</a></span></th> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Members</td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><strong class="selflink">France</strong>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Representative</td> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div> 
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<th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"> 
<div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> 
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<span class="" style="font-size:110%;">Members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a></span></th> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Permanent members</td> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">China</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <strong class="selflink">France</strong><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div> 
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<td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_Flag_of_the_United_Nations_ZP.svg" class="image"><img alt="Small Flag of the United Nations ZP.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Small_Flag_of_the_United_Nations_ZP.svg/75px-Small_Flag_of_the_United_Nations_ZP.svg.png" width="75" height="75" /></a></td> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Term ends December 31, 2009</td> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Term ends December 31, 2010</td> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></div> 
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<th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"> 
<div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> 
<div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><span title="View this template" style=";;border:none;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;border:none;">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Council_of_Europe&amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;border:none;;">e</span></a></div> 
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<span class="" style="font-size:110%;">Member states of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></span></th> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <strong class="selflink">France</strong><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a><sup>1</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></div> 
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<p><b>Observer member status</b>: <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></span></p> 
<p><small><sup>1</sup>&#160;Provisionally referred to by the Council of Europe as the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a>.</small></p> 
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<span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a></span></th> 
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<p><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Australia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Austria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Belgium</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chile</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Czech&#160;Republic</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of Denmark">Denmark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Finland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">France</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Germany</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Hungary</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexico</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">New&#160;Zealand</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Poland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portugal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South&#160;Korea</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spain</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Sweden</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">United&#160;Kingdom</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United&#160;States</a></p> 
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<span class="" style="font-size:110%;">Members of the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></span></th> 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Albania" title="Military of Albania">Albania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Belgium" title="Military of Belgium">Belgium</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bulgaria" title="Military of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" title="Canadian Forces">Canada</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Croatia" title="Military of Croatia">Croatia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Military of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence" title="Danish Defence">Denmark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Estonia" title="Military of Estonia">Estonia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_France" title="Military of France">France</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Germany</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Greece" title="Military of Greece">Greece</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Hungary" title="Military of Hungary">Hungary</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Iceland" title="Military of Iceland">Iceland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Italy" title="Military of Italy">Italy</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Latvia" title="Military of Latvia">Latvia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Lithuania" title="Military of Lithuania">Lithuania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Luxembourg" title="Military of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Netherlands" title="Military of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Armed_Forces" title="Norwegian Armed Forces">Norway</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Poland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Portugal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Slovakia" title="Military of Slovakia">Slovakia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Slovenia" title="Military of Slovenia">Slovenia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Spain</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkey</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">United Kingdom</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_armed_forces" title="United States armed forces">United States</a></div> 
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<span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a></span></th> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Member Nations</td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <strong class="selflink">France</strong><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São&#160;Tomé and&#160;Príncipe</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Permanent Observers</td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign&#160;Military Order of&#160;Malta</a></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Official languages</td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></div> 
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</table> 
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<table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"> 
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<td style="padding:2px;"> 
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> 
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<th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"> 
<div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> 
<div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><span title="View this template" style=";;border:none;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;border:none;">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:La_Francophonie&amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;border:none;;">e</span></a></div> 
</div> 
<span class="" style="font-size:110%;">Member states and observers of the <a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie" class="mw-redirect">Francophonie</a></span></th> 
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<tr style="height:2px;"> 
<td></td> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Members</td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a>)</small>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>&#160;•</small></span> <small><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>)</span></small><span style="white-space:nowrap">&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><strong class="selflink">France</strong> <small>(<a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>&#160;•</small></span> <small><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>&#160;•</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>&#160;•</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a>)</span></small><span style="white-space:nowrap">&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a><sup><small>1</small></sup>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(country)" title="Macedonia (country)" class="mw-redirect">Macedonia</a><sup><small>2</small></sup>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></span></div> 
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Observers</td> 
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> 
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span></div> 
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<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><span style="position:relative; top:0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> Associate member. <span style="position:relative; top:0.2em;"><sup><small>2</small></sup></span> Provisionally referred to by the Francophonie as the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a>.</td> 
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</div> 
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</table> 
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</table> 
<table class="navbox collapsible autocollapse" style="margin: auto; background: #ddf; color: darkblue;"> 
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<th colspan="20"> 
<div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small; float:left; text-align:left; width:6em;"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_personifications" title="Template:National personifications"><span title="View this template" style="">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_personifications" title="Template talk:National personifications"><span title="Discuss this template" style="">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:National_personifications&amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style=";">e</span></a></div> 
<span style="font-size:110%;"><span style="padding-left: 1.5em;">&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National personifications</a></span></th> 
</tr> 
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<td> 
<table style="background: #ddf;" align="left"> 
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<td width="125" align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" width="300" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mother_Armenia" title="Mother Armenia">Mother Armenia</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Boxing_kangaroo" title="Boxing kangaroo">Boxing kangaroo</a></td> 
</tr> 
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<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%ADgie_da_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Efígie da República">Efígie da República</a></td> 
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<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Preah_Thaong_and_Neang_Neak" title="Preah Thaong and Neang Neak">Preah Thaong and Neang Neak</a></td> 
</tr> 
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<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Canuck" title="Johnny Canuck">Johnny Canuck</a></td> 
</tr> 
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<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Maiden" title="Finnish Maiden">Finnish Maiden (Suomi neito)</a></td> 
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<td align="right"><b><strong class="selflink">France</strong></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></td> 
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<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kartlis_Deda" title="Kartlis Deda">Kartlis Deda</a></td> 
</tr> 
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<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Michel" title="Deutscher Michel">Deutscher Michel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Germania_(personification)" title="Germania (personification)">Germania</a></td> 
</tr> 
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<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Messolonghi" title="Third Siege of Messolonghi">Greece</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></td> 
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<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_mountain" title="Lady of the mountain">Lady of the mountain (Fjallkonan)</a></td> 
</tr> 
<tr> 
<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Mata" title="Bharat Mata">Bharat Mata</a></td> 
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<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi" title="Ibu Pertiwi">Ibu Pertiwi</a></td> 
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<tr> 
<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Erin" title="Erin">Erin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu" title="Ériu">Ériu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Hibernia_(personification)" title="Hibernia (personification)">Hibernia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Ni_Houlihan" title="Kathleen Ni Houlihan">Kathleen Ni Houlihan</a></td> 
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<tr> 
<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Srulik" title="Srulik">Srulik</a></td> 
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<table style="background: #ddf;" align="left"> 
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<td width="125" align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
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<td width="125" align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
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<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
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<td style="background: #fff;" width="400" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Maiden" title="Netherlands Maiden">de Nederlandse Maagd`</a> (Netherlands Maiden)</td> 
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<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mother_Russia" title="Mother Russia">Mother Russia</a></td> 
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<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn" title="The Lion and the Unicorn">Lion and Unicorn</a><br /> 
<a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Morewood_Staniforth" title="Joseph Morewood Staniforth">Dame Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</td> 
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<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span></td> 
<td style="background: #fff;" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Brother_Jonathan" title="Brother Jonathan">Brother Jonathan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(name)" title="Columbia (name)">Columbia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a><br /> 
<a href="/wiki/Billy_Yank" title="Billy Yank">Billy Yank</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">northern states</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Reb" title="Johnny Reb">Johnny Reb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern states</a>)</td> 
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cce;"><b><a href="/wiki/Mother_Nature" title="Mother Nature">Mother Earth</a></b></td> 
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                <li class="interwiki-ace"><a href="http://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peurancih">Acèh</a></li> 
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                <li class="interwiki-als"><a href="http://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich">Alemannisch</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-am"><a href="http://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%88%A3%E1%8B%AD">አማርኛ</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ang"><a href="http://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francland">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ar"><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7">العربية</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-an"><a href="http://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franzia">Aragonés</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-arc"><a href="http://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%A2%DC%A3%DC%90">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li> 
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                <li class="interwiki-frp"><a href="http://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">Arpetan</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ast"><a href="http://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia">Asturianu</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-gn"><a href="http://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%A3sia">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-az"><a href="http://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa">Azərbaycan</a></li> 
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                <li class="interwiki-bn"><a href="http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8">বাংলা</a></li> 
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                <li class="interwiki-bcl"><a href="http://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransya">Bikol Central</a></li> 
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                <li class="interwiki-bar"><a href="http://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich">Boarisch</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-bo"><a href="http://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-bs"><a href="http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska">Bosanski</a></li> 
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                <li class="interwiki-ca"><a href="http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a">Català</a></li> 
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                <li class="interwiki-ceb"><a href="http://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransiya">Cebuano</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-cs"><a href="http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francie">Česky</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-co"><a href="http://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia">Corsu</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-cy"><a href="http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffrainc">Cymraeg</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-da"><a href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrig">Dansk</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-pdc"><a href="http://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich">Deitsch</a></li> 
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                <li class="interwiki-dv"><a href="http://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%AD%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li> 
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                <li class="interwiki-et"><a href="http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsusmaa">Eesti</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-el"><a href="http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1">Ελληνικά</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-eml"><a href="http://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franza">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-myv"><a href="http://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80">Эрзянь</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-es"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia">Español</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-eo"><a href="http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francio">Esperanto</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ext"><a href="http://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A1ncia">Estremeñu</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-eu"><a href="http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantzia">Euskara</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ee"><a href="http://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">Eʋegbe</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-fa"><a href="http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87">فارسی</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-hif"><a href="http://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">Fiji Hindi</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-fo"><a href="http://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakland">Føroyskt</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-fr"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">Français</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-fy"><a href="http://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankryk">Frysk</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ff"><a href="http://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransi">Fulfulde</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-fur"><a href="http://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">Furlan</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ga"><a href="http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhrainc">Gaeilge</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-gv"><a href="http://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Rank">Gaelg</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-gd"><a href="http://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhraing">Gàidhlig</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-gl"><a href="http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_-_France">Galego</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-gan"><a href="http://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B">贛語</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-gu"><a href="http://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8">ગુજરાતી</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-got"><a href="http://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B9">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-hak"><a href="http://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fap-koet">Hak-kâ-fa</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-xal"><a href="http://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3">Хальмг</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ko"><a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4">한국어</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ha"><a href="http://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransa">هَوُسَ</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-haw"><a href="http://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palani">Hawai`i</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-hy"><a href="http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1">Հայերեն</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-hi"><a href="http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8">हिन्दी</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-hsb"><a href="http://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoska">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-hr"><a href="http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska">Hrvatski</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-io"><a href="http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia">Ido</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ilo"><a href="http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia">Ilokano</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-bpy"><a href="http://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8">ইমার ঠার/বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-id"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ia"><a href="http://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia">Interlingua</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ie"><a href="http://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia">Interlingue</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-os"><a href="http://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86">Иронау</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-is"><a href="http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakkland">Íslenska</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-it"><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia">Italiano</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-he"><a href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA">עברית</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-jv"><a href="http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis">Basa Jawa</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-kl"><a href="http://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrig">Kalaallisut</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-kn"><a href="http://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-pam"><a href="http://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">Kapampangan</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ka"><a href="http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98">ქართული</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ks"><a href="http://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8">कश्मीरी - (كشميري)</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-csb"><a href="http://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%ABj%C3%B4">Kaszëbsczi</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-kk"><a href="http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F">Қазақша</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-kw"><a href="http://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Frynk">Kernowek</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-rw"><a href="http://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubufaransa">Kinyarwanda</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ky"><a href="http://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F">Кыргызча</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-sw"><a href="http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufaransa">Kiswahili</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-kv"><a href="http://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F">Коми</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-kg"><a href="http://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwalansa">Kongo</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ht"><a href="http://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ku"><a href="http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa">Kurdî / كوردی</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-lad"><a href="http://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia">Ladino</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-lo"><a href="http://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9D%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87">ລາວ</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-la"><a href="http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia">Latina</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-lv"><a href="http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francija">Latviešu</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-lb"><a href="http://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankr%C3%A4ich">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-lt"><a href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzija">Lietuvių</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-lij"><a href="http://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa">Líguru</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-li"><a href="http://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek">Limburgs</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ln"><a href="http://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falansia">Lingála</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-jbo"><a href="http://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/fasygu%27e">Lojban</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-lmo"><a href="http://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A0ncia">Lumbaart</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-hu"><a href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciaorsz%C3%A1g">Magyar</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-mk"><a href="http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0">Македонски</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-mg"><a href="http://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantsa">Malagasy</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ml"><a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D">മലയാളം</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-mt"><a href="http://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franza">Malti</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-mi"><a href="http://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%ABw%C4%AB">Māori</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-mr"><a href="http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8">मराठी</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-arz"><a href="http://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7">مصرى</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ms"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-cdo"><a href="http://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1k-gu%C3%B3k">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-mwl"><a href="http://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A1ncia">Mirandés</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-mdf"><a href="http://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80">Мокшень</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-mn"><a href="http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86">Монгол</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-my"><a href="http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-nah"><a href="http://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia">Nāhuatl</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-na"><a href="http://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">Dorerin Naoero</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-nl"><a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrijk">Nederlands</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-nds-nl"><a href="http://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek">Nedersaksisch</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ne"><a href="http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8">नेपाली</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ja"><a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9">日本語</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-nap"><a href="http://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franza">Nnapulitano</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ce"><a href="http://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5">Нохчийн</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-pih"><a href="http://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-no"><a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrike">‪Norsk (bokmål)‬</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-nn"><a href="http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrike">‪Norsk (nynorsk)‬</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-nrm"><a href="http://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">Nouormand</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-nov"><a href="http://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia">Novial</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-oc"><a href="http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a">Occitan</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-mhr"><a href="http://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9">Олык Марий</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-uz"><a href="http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiya">O'zbek</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-pnb"><a href="http://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3">پنجابی</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-pap"><a href="http://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia">Papiamentu</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-km"><a href="http://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-pms"><a href="http://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa">Piemontèis</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-tpi"><a href="http://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranis">Tok Pisin</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-nds"><a href="http://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek">Plattdüütsch</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-pl"><a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francja">Polski</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-pnt"><a href="http://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1">Ποντιακά</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a">Português</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-kaa"><a href="http://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantsiya">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-crh"><a href="http://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenkistan">Qırımtatarca</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ty"><a href="http://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%C4%81ni">Reo Mā`ohi</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ksh"><a href="http://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangkrisch">Ripoarisch</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ro"><a href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C5%A3a">Română</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-rmy"><a href="http://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchiya">Romani</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-rm"><a href="http://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantscha">Rumantsch</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-qu"><a href="http://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phransya">Runa Simi</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ru"><a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F">Русский</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-sah"><a href="http://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F">Саха тыла</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-se"><a href="http://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A1%C5%8Bkriika">Sámegiella</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-sm"><a href="http://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farani">Gagana Samoa</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-sa"><a href="http://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8">संस्कृत</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-sc"><a href="http://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantza">Sardu</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-sco"><a href="http://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunce">Scots</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-stq"><a href="http://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek">Seeltersk</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-st"><a href="http://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fora">Sesotho</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-sq"><a href="http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca">Shqip</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-scn"><a href="http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia">Sicilianu</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-simple"><a href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">Simple English</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-sk"><a href="http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%BAzsko">Slovenčina</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-cu"><a href="http://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%CC%81%EA%99%97">Словѣ́ньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-sl"><a href="http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francija">Slovenščina</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-szl"><a href="http://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francyjo">Ślůnski</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-so"><a href="http://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransiiska">Soomaaliga</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ckb"><a href="http://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7">Soranî / کوردی</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-srn"><a href="http://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franskondre">Sranantongo</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-sr"><a href="http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0">Српски / Srpski</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-sh"><a href="http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska">Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-su"><a href="http://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis">Basa Sunda</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-fi"><a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranska">Suomi</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-sv"><a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrike">Svenska</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-tl"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransya">Tagalog</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ta"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81">தமிழ்</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-kab"><a href="http://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa">Taqbaylit</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-tt"><a href="http://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F">Татарча/Tatarça</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-te"><a href="http://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D">తెలుగు</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-tet"><a href="http://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa">Tetun</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-th"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA">ไทย</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-tg"><a href="http://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-tr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa">Türkçe</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-tk"><a href="http://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransi%C3%BDa">Türkmençe</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-udm"><a href="http://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F">Удмурт</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-uk"><a href="http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F">Українська</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ur"><a href="http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3">اردو</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-ug"><a href="http://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95">Uyghurche‎ / ئۇيغۇرچە</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-za"><a href="http://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazgoz">Vahcuengh</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-vec"><a href="http://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa">Vèneto</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-vi"><a href="http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p">Tiếng Việt</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-vo"><a href="http://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C3%A4n">Volapük</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="http://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsusmaa">Võro</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-wa"><a href="http://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">Walon</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="http://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B">文言</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-vls"><a href="http://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrankryk">West-Vlams</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-war"><a href="http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransya">Winaray</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-wo"><a href="http://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraas">Wolof</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-wuu"><a href="http://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD">吴语</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-yi"><a href="http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9A">ייִדיש</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-yo"><a href="http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransi">Yorùbá</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B">粵語</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-diq"><a href="http://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa">Zazaki</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-zea"><a href="http://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek">Zeêuws</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="http://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABz%C4%97j%C4%97">Žemaitėška</a></li> 
                <li class="interwiki-zh"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD">中文</a></li> 
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